Norway’s diverse landscapes, from deep fjords and extensive coastlines to vast forests and high mountain plateaus, create a mosaic of habitats supporting a wide array of mammal species. This varied geography, spanning temperate zones to the Arctic, allows for rich biodiversity. The country’s unique environmental conditions, shaped by ocean currents and glacial history, offer distinct niches for both terrestrial and marine mammals, providing sustenance and shelter for Norway’s vibrant wildlife.
Iconic and Large Land Mammals
Norway is home to several large and iconic land mammals. The majestic moose (elg), the largest deer species, inhabits forested areas throughout much of the country, particularly in the south and central regions. These herbivores primarily browse on twigs, leaves, and bark, thriving in both dense forests and open clearings.
Wild reindeer (rein) are another notable species, with approximately 90% of the world’s wild tundra reindeer found in Norway. They roam high mountain plateaus, such as Hardangervidda, migrating across vast distances. These animals are exceptionally adapted to cold environments, often found in areas with sparse vegetation and low temperatures. Brown bears (brunbjørn), while rare, are present in Norway, primarily along the borders with Sweden, Finland, and Russia. These omnivores prefer secluded forest habitats and are most often seen in regions like Øvre Dividal National Park and Pasvik.
Wolves (ulv) also inhabit Norway, predominantly in forested border regions shared with Sweden, particularly in the southeastern parts of the country. Their population is considered critically endangered in Norway, with only a small number residing solely within Norwegian territory. Lynx (gaupe), solitary and elusive felines, are found in forested areas across most of Norway, excluding the western parts. They are skilled hunters, preying on animals like roe deer and reindeer, and prefer steep, inaccessible terrain for their dens.
Smaller Terrestrial Mammals
Norway’s terrestrial environments support a variety of smaller mammals. The red fox (rødrev) is widespread across Norway, from lowlands to alpine regions, thriving due to adaptable foraging habits. This adaptable predator can impact populations of ground-dwelling birds and hares. The arctic fox (fjellrev), a highly specialized species, inhabits the Arctic tundra and mountainous areas. Its survival is challenged by climate change and competition from the larger red fox, which is expanding its range northward.
Stoats (røyskatt) and least weasels (snømus) are small, agile carnivores found throughout Norway, often preying on rodents and small birds. The European pine marten (mår) is a forest dweller, adept at moving through trees, and preys on small mammals, birds, and insects. Badgers (grevling) are also present, primarily in the southern and central parts of the country, known for their nocturnal habits and extensive burrow systems. European hares (hare) and mountain hares (fjellhare) are common, with the mountain hare notable for its seasonal coat change, turning white in winter for camouflage. Various rodent species, including voles and lemmings, form a foundational part of the food web, serving as prey for many of these smaller predators.
Marine Mammals
Norway’s extensive coastline and rich marine waters are home to a diverse array of marine mammals. Orcas (spekkhogger), also known as killer whales, are frequently observed, particularly in northern Norwegian waters where they follow large shoals of herring. These highly intelligent predators are often seen in fjords and coastal areas, especially from late October to early February. Humpback whales (knølhval) are another common sight, migrating to the cool, nutrient-rich waters of northern Norway during winter to feed on herring. They are known for their acrobatic displays and can be spotted off the coast, often near fjords.
Minke whales (vågehval), the smallest of the rorqual whales, are numerous in Norwegian waters, with a North Atlantic stock estimated at over 100,000 animals. They are regularly seen along the coasts and deep into the fjords, though their elusive nature makes them challenging to observe. Other cetaceans include various dolphin species, such as white-beaked dolphins, and harbor porpoises (nise). Harbor porpoises are among the smallest cetaceans and are widespread along the Norwegian coast, often found in shallow bays and fjords.
Pinnipeds, including several seal species, also inhabit Norwegian waters. Common seals (steinkobbe) and grey seals (havert) are found along the coast. Ringed seals (ringselsel) are more prevalent in Arctic waters, including around Svalbard. These seals play a role in the marine ecosystem, feeding on fish and crustaceans, and serving as prey for larger marine predators like orcas and polar bears.