Saliva, a fluid produced by glands in the mouth, serves several purposes. It initiates digestion by breaking down food and lubricates the mouth to aid in speaking and swallowing. Saliva also protects teeth from decay and maintains oral health. The consistency of saliva can vary, sometimes feeling thicker than usual.
Key Components Contributing to Thickness
The primary biological molecules responsible for saliva’s thickness are mucins, particularly MUC5B and MUC7. These are large, complex proteins that undergo extensive glycosylation, meaning sugar molecules are attached to them. This glycosylation contributes significantly to their ability to hold water and form a gel-like structure.
MUC5B is produced in mucous cells of salivary glands, including minor salivary glands. It forms hydrophilic polymer brushes that retain water. MUC7 is found in both mucous and seromucous secretory cells. These mucins intertwine to form a network, giving saliva its characteristic slippery and protective nature. Higher levels of MUC5B can lead to thicker saliva.
Factors Influencing Saliva Consistency
Several factors can alter the consistency of saliva, making it feel thicker. Dehydration is a common cause, as a reduced water content in the body leads to more concentrated mucins in saliva. This can make saliva feel stringy or sticky.
Certain medications can also impact saliva production and consistency, including anticholinergics and antihistamines. Mouth breathing, especially during sleep, can dry out the mouth and result in thicker saliva upon waking. Medical conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting salivary glands, can decrease saliva production and alter its quality. Cystic fibrosis, an inherited disorder, can also lead to thick mucus, contributing to thicker saliva.
When Saliva Thickness Signals a Problem
Unusually or persistently thick saliva can sometimes indicate an underlying health issue. This might be accompanied by other symptoms, such as a feeling of dry mouth, difficulty speaking clearly, or problems swallowing food. Bad breath can also be a sign of reduced saliva flow and altered consistency.
Maintaining adequate hydration by drinking plenty of water can often help thin out saliva. However, if thick saliva persists, becomes severe, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms like fever, intense pain, or difficulty opening the mouth, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable.