Many people encounter winged insects near water and wonder if they are dragonflies. While many insects share a superficial resemblance, true dragonflies possess unique features. This article helps you understand the defining characteristics of a dragonfly and distinguish them from common look-alikes.
Understanding True Dragonflies
True dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera, order Odonata) have distinct physical traits. They typically have a robust, stout body. At rest, dragonflies hold their two pairs of wings spread flat, perpendicular to their body, with forewings and hindwings differing in shape, hindwings often broader at the base. Dragonflies also possess large, compound eyes that usually meet or nearly meet on top of their head. They are known for their strong, agile flight, often hovering or darting quickly.
Common Look-Alikes and How to Tell Them Apart
Several insects are frequently mistaken for dragonflies, but careful observation reveals clear differences.
Damselflies
Damselflies (suborder Zygoptera) are the most common look-alike. They are generally smaller and more delicate than dragonflies, with slender bodies. Unlike dragonflies, damselflies usually hold their wings together over their back when at rest, or slightly ajar. Their forewings and hindwings are similar in size and shape, and their eyes are typically separated on the sides of their head.
Mayflies
Mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) are sometimes confused with dragonflies due to their winged appearance and aquatic associations. They often have two or three long, thread-like tails extending from their abdomen, a feature absent in dragonflies. Their wings are held vertically above their body at rest, similar to a butterfly, and their antennae are typically short.
Crane flies
Crane flies (Family Tipulidae) can be mistaken for dragonflies due to their size and long, slender bodies. However, crane flies have extremely long, spindly legs. Unlike dragonflies, crane flies only have two prominent wings; their hindwings are reduced to small, club-like halteres. Their flight pattern is often clumsy and fluttering, distinctly different from a dragonfly’s precise movements.
Why the Confusion? Shared Habitats and Behaviors
The confusion between dragonflies and their look-alikes often arises because many of these insects share similar environments. Dragonflies, damselflies, and mayflies, for instance, are commonly found near bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, and rivers. This shared habitat is due to their larval stages being aquatic, requiring water for development. Encountering these insects together in the same location increases the likelihood of misidentification.
Additionally, a general “long body, winged” silhouette can lead to initial misidentification for the casual observer. While their specific flight patterns differ upon closer inspection, some damselflies and even certain larger flies might have an aerial presence that can be broadly perceived as similar to dragonflies. The presence of wings and an elongated form contributes to the initial visual overlap.