Lymphoma is a cancer originating in lymphocytes, infection-fighting cells of the immune system. These cells are found throughout the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. While a definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy, laboratory tests are an important initial step in investigating symptoms and guiding further diagnostic procedures.
Common Blood Tests and What They Show
Routine blood tests offer insights when lymphoma is suspected. A complete blood count (CBC) measures red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormalities can indicate lymphoma, especially if the cancer involves the bone marrow.
Anemia (low red blood cell count or hemoglobin) can cause fatigue and weakness. This occurs if lymphoma cells infiltrate bone marrow, reducing healthy red blood cell production, or due to chronic disease. White blood cell counts can be too high (leukocytosis) or too low (leukopenia), possibly showing increased lymphocytes. A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) might also be observed, increasing bleeding risk.
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) assesses substances to evaluate organ function, including kidney and liver function, electrolytes, glucose, and calcium. Abnormal liver enzymes or impaired kidney function can suggest lymphoma affecting these organs. Elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia) are also a possible finding in some lymphoma patients.
Specific Blood Markers Associated with Lymphoma
Beyond routine blood counts, specific markers provide information about lymphoma activity and prognosis.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in many body tissues. Elevated levels suggest rapid cell turnover, common in aggressive lymphoma, and serve as a prognostic indicator.
Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) is another protein elevated in lymphoma. Found on most nucleated cells, increased levels indicate heightened lymphoma cell activity or kidney dysfunction. Elevated B2M levels correlate with shorter survival in some lymphoma subtypes.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are general inflammation markers. While not specific to lymphoma, they can be elevated in various inflammatory conditions. High ESR and CRP levels in lymphoma patients are associated with systemic inflammation and can correlate with advanced disease stages.
How Lab Results Guide Further Steps
Lab abnormalities are important indicators, but they do not definitively diagnose lymphoma. These results primarily prompt further investigation, helping medical professionals understand the disease’s potential impact.
To confirm a lymphoma diagnosis and determine its type, a biopsy is essential. This procedure involves taking a tissue sample, often from an enlarged lymph node or bone marrow, for microscopic examination. Lab results guide which areas may require closer examination. For instance, if blood tests suggest bone marrow involvement, a bone marrow biopsy might be performed.
Initial lab tests also provide a baseline of overall health. This baseline helps doctors understand potential risks or complications before treatment. While these tests are instrumental, final confirmation relies on detailed tissue sample analysis.