Virginia’s varied landscape, including the Appalachian Mountains, the central Piedmont, and the eastern Coastal Plain, supports a diverse reptile population. The state is home to approximately 30 different snake species, the vast majority of which are non-venomous and harmless to humans. Most snakes encountered are beneficial predators that help control pests. However, residents and visitors should be aware of the characteristics of the state’s three venomous species to ensure safe coexistence and appreciation of the natural environment.
The Three Venomous Species of Virginia
The most widespread of Virginia’s three venomous snakes is the Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), found in nearly all regions except the barrier islands. This pit viper is identified by its coppery-brown coloration and distinctive hourglass-shaped crossbands. These dark, chestnut-brown bands are wider on the sides and narrow across the back, providing effective camouflage in leaf litter. Adults generally reach 24 to 36 inches, and juveniles possess a bright, sulfur-yellow tail tip used to lure prey.
The Northern Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), often called the water moccasin, is a heavy-bodied, semi-aquatic species with a restricted range in Virginia. Its population is largely confined to the Coastal Plain, predominantly south of the James River in the southeastern corner of the state. Adult coloration is usually dark olive, brown, or nearly black, with faint crossbands that become less distinct with age. When threatened, the cottonmouth coils its body and opens its mouth wide to reveal the startling white interior, the source of its common name.
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) exists in two distinct populations. One inhabits the rugged, mountainous terrain of western Virginia, favoring rocky outcrops and dense forests. The other, sometimes called the Canebrake Rattlesnake, is found in the extreme southeastern corner, preferring lowland cane thickets and swampy areas. These are large, heavy-bodied snakes that can reach five feet or more, characterized by chevron-shaped dark bands on a background color ranging from yellow to gray or black. Their most recognizable feature is the keratinous rattle segments on the tail, which produce a loud warning sound when the snake feels endangered.
The Diverse Population of Non-Venomous Snakes
The non-venomous majority includes many ecologically important and commonly encountered species. The Eastern Ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) is Virginia’s longest snake, frequently exceeding six feet in length as a powerful constrictor. This species is typically solid black with a white chin and throat. It is an excellent climber often found in trees or buildings hunting rodents and birds, making it a beneficial natural pest control agent for homeowners.
The Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) is another constrictor recognized for its distinctive black body patterned with a chain-like series of thin white or yellowish crossbands. This species is famous for its ophiophagous diet, meaning it preys on other snakes, including venomous pit vipers, due to a natural resistance to their venom. Kingsnakes are terrestrial and secretive, playing a role in regulating other snake populations.
In aquatic environments, the Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) is common across the state and is responsible for most mistaken identity reports. This stout, dark-colored snake has bands and blotches that can fade to a uniform brown or black as it ages, causing confusion with the Cottonmouth. Although non-venomous, the Northern Water Snake is known for its defensive nature and tendency to bite repeatedly if cornered.
Two smaller, secretive species are the Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) and the Ring-necked Snake (Diadophis punctatus). The Garter Snake, the official state reptile, is slender with three yellow stripes running down a dark background, and gives birth to live young. The Ring-necked Snake is a small, slate-gray or black snake distinguished by a bright yellow or orange ring around its neck. It primarily feeds on earthworms and slugs and rarely exceeds 15 inches.
Quick Identification: Distinguishing Features
Determining whether a snake is venomous relies on morphological traits shared by the state’s three pit viper species. The most apparent trait is head shape; venomous pit vipers typically exhibit a triangular head that is notably wider than the neck due to venom glands. Most non-venomous snakes, in contrast, have a more slender, oval-shaped head that blends smoothly into the body.
The eyes offer another clue: all of Virginia’s dangerous snakes possess vertical, slit-like pupils, while non-venomous species have round pupils. Venomous pit vipers also feature a deep, heat-sensing pit located between the eye and the nostril on each side of the face. This specialized organ helps them locate warm-blooded prey.
A third indicator involves the subcaudal scales on the underside of the tail. Venomous snakes generally have a single row of undivided scales from the vent to the tail tip. Non-venomous snakes typically have a double row of scales, which appear divided. However, this method is not infallible, as some harmless species, like the Garter Snake, also possess a single row of scales, and some non-venomous snakes will flatten their heads when threatened.
Ecology and Coexistence
The distribution of Virginia’s snake species is closely tied to the state’s distinct ecological zones. The Copperhead is the most adaptable, thriving in forested areas, rocky hillsides, and suburban woodlots across the Piedmont and mountain regions. The Timber Rattlesnake is restricted to the western mountains and the protected forests of the southeast. The Cottonmouth remains almost exclusively in the Coastal Plain’s swampy, lowland habitats.
Coexistence involves modifying the immediate environment around homes to reduce snake attraction. Snakes are drawn to areas providing shelter and food, so homeowners should remove potential hiding spots like rock piles, brush heaps, and lumber stacks. Keeping the grass mowed short reduces cover, making the area less appealing to snakes and the rodents they prey upon.
Controlling rodent populations is an effective long-term deterrent. This includes removing spilled birdseed and storing pet food securely. Sealing small gaps around the foundation, pipes, and vents prevents snakes from entering structures in search of shelter or prey. If a snake is encountered, the safest course of action is to leave it alone and allow it to move on naturally. If a venomous snake is found in a concerning location, contact a professional wildlife removal service rather than attempting to handle the animal.