Maine is home to nine native snake species, a relatively low number due to its northern latitude and cooler climate. Most of these species are non-venomous and fulfill beneficial roles within the local ecosystem, primarily controlling insect and rodent populations. This article details the most common inhabitants and addresses the state’s single confirmed venomous species.
Common Non-Venomous Species
The snake most frequently encountered across Maine is the Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), found in various habitats, including fields, forests, and suburban yards. These snakes reach lengths up to three feet and display highly variable coloration, usually featuring three light stripes—yellow, brown, or greenish—running longitudinally against a darker background. They are often found near water sources, feeding primarily on amphibians, earthworms, and small fish.
The Northern Ring-necked Snake (Diadophis punctatus) is a secretive species preferring wooded areas where it hides under rocks, logs, or dense leaf litter. This snake rarely exceeds 15 inches in length and is easily identified by its slate gray or black body and the distinct yellow or orange ring encircling its neck. When threatened, it may coil its tail to expose its bright yellow-orange underside.
The Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) often reaches lengths of three feet. Its body is tan or gray, covered with reddish-brown or brownish-black blotches that are sharply bordered in black. These snakes are frequently found in barns, fields, and rural woodlands, where they are beneficial for controlling rodent populations.
The Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis) is one of Maine’s most visually striking species, featuring uniform emerald green coloration. This small species measures between 12 and 20 inches and relies heavily on its color for camouflage in grassy meadows and along shrubby forest edges. They primarily consume insects and spiders, making them valuable natural pest controllers in their preferred open habitats.
Maine’s Only Venomous Snake
The only venomous snake confirmed in Maine is the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). This species is considered extremely rare within the state’s borders and may be extirpated from historical locations. Any remaining populations are limited to isolated, mountainous areas in the southwestern portion of the state.
Due to its scarcity, the Timber Rattlesnake is afforded high protection under state law. This legal designation prohibits the harassment, capture, or killing of the snake, reflecting its status as a species of greatest conservation need.
This large, heavy-bodied snake has a broad, triangular head and heat-sensing pits. The most definitive marker is the segmented rattle on the end of the tail, which produces a characteristic buzzing sound when vibrated. While coloration varies, individuals in the northeast are often dark, featuring dark V-shaped or chevron-like crossbands across the back.
Encountering Snakes Safely
Safety involves proactive avoidance, minimizing surprise encounters, especially in areas with dense vegetation or rocky outcrops. When hiking, remain on cleared paths and avoid reaching into dark, hidden spaces like rock crevices or thick brush without first checking the area visually.
If a snake is encountered, the immediate reaction should be to stop moving and assess the animal’s location and behavior. Slowly and calmly backing away from the snake is the appropriate response, giving it a wide berth to retreat unhindered.
Never attempt to handle, harass, or capture any snake. Even non-venomous species may bite defensively when they feel threatened, and handling is the primary cause of envenomation incidents involving rattlesnakes.