Termites are social insects well-known for consuming wood, often leading to significant damage in homes and other structures. They are primarily drawn to wood because it contains cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that serves as their main food source. However, not all wood is equally appealing, and understanding their preferences can help protect properties.
Why Termites Target Wood
Termites consume wood for its cellulose content, which provides essential nutrients and energy. Cellulose, an abundant organic fiber, forms the primary structural component of wood. While termites can chew through wood with strong mandibles, they cannot digest cellulose on their own.
To break down cellulose into digestible sugars, termites rely on a symbiotic relationship with microscopic organisms in their digestive systems. These microorganisms, including protozoa and bacteria, produce enzymes that convert cellulose into digestible sugars. Wood also offers termites shelter, allowing them to create intricate tunnel systems and colonies within the material.
Wood Types Termites Prefer
Termites prefer certain wood types based on density and moisture levels. Softwoods like pine, fir, and spruce are particularly attractive. These woods are less dense and have more “springwood” fibers, making them easier to chew and digest. Southern yellow pine and spruce are among the most palatable woods for termites.
Moisture significantly attracts termites. They require humid environments to thrive, often seeking water-damaged, rotting, or fungus-infested wood. Wood in contact with soil, which retains moisture, is a common starting point for infestations. Termites can even manipulate wood’s moisture content, increasing it to soften fibers for easier foraging.
Wood Types Termites Avoid or Resist
Certain wood types offer natural resistance or can be treated to deter infestations. Some woods naturally contain chemicals or have a high density, making them less appealing or even toxic to termites. Examples include redwood, cedar, cypress, teak, and mahogany. The heartwood of these trees often contains natural compounds like tannins and oils that act as deterrents. Teak, for instance, contains natural oils and resins that termites dislike, and some studies suggest it can even cause termite mortality.
Pressure-treated wood resists termites due to infused chemical preservatives. Chemicals like alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) or copper azole (CA) are forced deep into wood fibers, creating a toxic barrier that deters termites and prevents rot and fungi. While termite-resistant, it is not entirely termite-proof, especially if cut ends are left untreated or if it remains constantly damp.
What Else Do Termites Eat?
Termites’ diet extends beyond wood, as they primarily seek cellulose found in many other materials. Any cellulose-containing item can become a food source. Common non-wood sources in homes include paper products like books, cardboard boxes, and wallpaper.
Fabrics made from plant fibers, such as cotton and linen, are also susceptible to termite damage. Even cellulose-based insulation materials can be consumed by termites. While wood is their primary target, termites are opportunistic feeders, exploiting any available cellulose-rich material. They may even tunnel through non-cellulose materials like plastics or drywall to reach preferred food sources.