The Sea of Galilee, also known as Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias, is a freshwater lake located in northern Israel, in the Jordan Rift Valley. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, with its surface typically around 209 to 215 meters (686 to 705 feet) below sea level. The lake holds deep historical and cultural significance, particularly within Christian narratives, and has supported human settlements and activities for millennia due to its abundant water supply and fertile surrounding lands. Its ecosystem supports diverse fish species, contributing to its ecological richness and historical importance as a fishing ground.
Common Fish Species
Beyond Tilapia varieties, the Sea of Galilee hosts other diverse fish species. Among these are several types of barbels, such as Luciobarbus longiceps and Capoeta damascina, which are bottom-dwelling fish with elongated bodies and whisker-like sensory organs. They inhabit deeper, cooler waters, feeding on invertebrates and plant matter. The longheaded barbel, Barbus longiceps, can reach lengths of up to 75 cm and weigh over 7 kg, making it a notable catch for fishermen.
The African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is recognized by its broad, flattened head and eel-like body. These catfish are opportunistic predators, found in shallower, vegetated areas, growing to considerable lengths. Their low oxygen tolerance allows them to thrive throughout the lake. The Kinneret Sardine (Mirogrex terraesanctae), also known as the Kinneret bleak, is abundant, forming large surface schools. These small, planktivorous fish, typically around 14 cm long, are a crucial food web component, historically preserved by pickling.
The Iconic “St. Peter’s Fish”
“St. Peter’s Fish” refers to several Tilapia species in the Sea of Galilee, most notably the Galilee Tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus), the Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), and sometimes the Redbelly Tilapia (Coptodon zillii). The Galilee Tilapia is recognized by its silver-grey body and small head, while the Blue Tilapia often exhibits a darker, bluish hue, particularly during breeding. Redbelly Tilapia are typically smaller and have a more compressed body with a reddish underside. These species are central to the lake’s ecosystem and local economy.
The “St. Peter’s Fish” holds cultural and historical significance, linked to biblical accounts, particularly the miracle of the loaves and fishes and the coin in the fish’s mouth. This connection makes it a popular dish for pilgrims and tourists, contributing to its iconic status. Beyond its historical ties, Tilapia species are vital to the local fishing industry, a significant portion of the commercial catch. Their mild flavor and relatively easy cultivation have made them a staple in local cuisine, supporting a long tradition of fishing.
Environmental Influences on Fish
Fish populations in the Sea of Galilee are affected by environmental factors, including water level fluctuations and quality. Lake depth changes with rainfall and water abstraction, impacting fish habitats and spawning grounds. Lower water levels concentrate pollutants and increase temperature, stressing adapted fish species. Water quality, including salinity and nutrient levels, is influenced by agricultural runoff and natural springs, affecting fish health and reproduction.
Seasonal temperature shifts also influence fish behavior and distribution. Human activities, like fishing and water management, further shape aquatic life. Overfishing has caused species declines, with Tilapia catch dropping from 270 tonnes in 2005 to 7 tonnes in 2009, necessitating careful management and conservation. Water management, regulating Jordan River inflow and withdrawals for drinking and agriculture, directly influences the lake’s ecological balance and fish population sustainability.