Lake Okeechobee, often called the “Liquid Heart of Florida,” is the state’s largest freshwater ecosystem, spanning over 730 square miles. The name “Okeechobee” originates from the Seminole word for “big water.” Its shallow depth, averaging only about nine feet, is a defining characteristic that influences its entire ecology. The lake plays an indispensable role in South Florida’s hydrology, historically acting as the northern headwaters for the Everglades and providing both flood control and water supply for surrounding areas.
Primary Native Game Fish Species
The lake’s reputation among anglers is built primarily on its healthy population of Largemouth Bass, which is the most sought-after freshwater game fish in Florida. The “Big O” consistently produces trophy-class fish, with the uncertified record for the species standing at over 15 pounds. The dense, nutrient-rich vegetation, including bulrush and eelgrass, provides an ideal habitat for both spawning and abundant forage, allowing the bass to grow to impressive sizes.
Black Crappie, known locally as “speckled perch” or “specks,” are another favored native game fish. They are typically caught in the cooler months when they move into deeper channels and pockets, often forming schools. Anglers often use small jigs or live minnows suspended at various depths to target these schooling fish.
The lake also supports robust populations of panfish, including the native Bluegill and Redear Sunfish, often called “shellcracker.” These species provide excellent year-round action. They are especially active when they gather in “bedding” colonies in shallow, protected pockets during the warmer months. Redear Sunfish are known for feeding on snails and clams, which accounts for their nickname.
Important Forage and Native Non-Game Fish
Beyond the popular sport species, a variety of native non-game fish form the foundation of the Lake Okeechobee food web. Environmentally tolerant species like the Florida Gar and the Bowfin, sometimes called mudfish, are common throughout the lake. These ancient, predatory fish are incredibly strong and, while not typically targeted for sport, they contribute notably to the lake’s ecological balance.
Other smaller species serve as the primary forage base for the larger game fish. Native minnows and shiners are abundant in the dense aquatic vegetation, where they find refuge and food. Small bream, which are juvenile sunfish, also play a significant role in the food chain.
Non-Native and Invasive Aquatic Species
Lake Okeechobee’s ecosystem faces significant pressure from a growing number of non-native fish species that were illegally introduced, primarily through the pet and food trades. Tilapia species, including Blue Tilapia and Spotted Tilapia, have established thriving resident populations. These fish can disrupt the native habitat by aggressively defending their nests and uprooting aquatic plants during their bedding activities.
Armored Catfish, such as the Brown Hoplo and Sailfin Catfish, are non-native species that have flourished in the lake. These bottom-dwelling fish can alter the sediment structure and compete directly with native bottom-feeders and invertebrates. The aggressive Mayan Cichlid, another non-native aquarium release, has become increasingly prolific throughout the lake.
While most non-natives are a concern, some species have been introduced by the state for specific management purposes. The sterile Grass Carp is stocked under permit to help control excessive aquatic vegetation, such as hydrilla. The Butterfly Peacock Bass, a striking non-native game fish, was successfully introduced to South Florida waters to help control smaller invasive fish like cichlids and tilapia.