Gatlinburg, Tennessee, sits next to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). This proximity means that interactions with wildlife, particularly bears, are a frequent occurrence for both residents and visitors. The protected habitat of the Smokies supports a large bear population, estimated to be around 1,900 animals, leading to numerous sightings in Gatlinburg and its surrounding communities. Understanding the specific species involved and their behavior is the first step toward coexisting safely in this mountain environment.
Identifying the Local Species
The only bear species present in Gatlinburg and the entire Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus). This species is the smallest of North America’s bears, though adult males, or boars, in the Smokies typically weigh around 250 pounds and can occasionally exceed 600 pounds, especially when fattening up in the fall. Adult females are generally smaller, weighing slightly over 100 pounds.
Despite their name, not all American Black Bears are black; their fur can range in color from black to brown, cinnamon, or even blonde, although the Smokies population is mostly black. A key physical difference that confirms the absence of Grizzly Bears is the lack of a prominent shoulder hump, which is a distinctive feature of the larger Grizzly or Brown Bear species. Black Bears also have a straight facial profile and larger, more pointed ears compared to the Grizzly’s dished face and smaller, rounder ears.
Understanding Bear Movement and Habitat
The Black Bear population in the GSMNP is estimated at approximately two bears per square mile, inhabiting all elevations of the park. These bears are omnivores, with their diet consisting of plant matter, making up about 85% of their food intake. They forage extensively on seasonally available items like berries, nuts, insects, and acorns, which are a significant food source in the late fall.
Bears are most active during the early morning and late evening hours as they seek out food. They enter denning when food sources become scarce, often choosing hollow trees or cavities for shelter. The town of Gatlinburg itself is frequently visited by bears due to the lure of non-natural food sources, which can draw bears out of the park and into developed areas.
Bears that become accustomed to human food lose their natural fear of people. This habituation is detrimental, as those relying heavily on human food and garbage may have a lifespan about half the length of bears eating a healthy natural diet. Proper sanitation outside the park is important for bear safety, as bears frequently venture into surrounding communities.
Safe Interactions and Bear Etiquette
Coexisting safely with Black Bears requires following safety guidelines. Never feed bears, as this teaches them to associate people with food and can lead to dangerous situations for both humans and the animals. Securing all potential attractants is necessary, which includes storing garbage in bear-resistant containers and removing bird feeders when bears are active.
Visitors should maintain a minimum distance of 50 yards (150 feet) from any bear. If a bear approaches, the correct response is to stand your ground, make yourself look larger, and make loud noises, such as yelling or clapping, to frighten the bear away. Never run from a bear, as this action can trigger a chase response.
If an encounter occurs, slowly back away while keeping your eyes on the bear, ensuring it has a clear escape route. If a bear makes physical contact, you must fight back aggressively with any available object. Additionally, all food and scented items should be kept locked and out of sight in vehicles, as bears are intelligent and strong enough to open unlocked car doors and windows.