Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness, primarily affecting young children, caused by viruses like Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 (EV71). Preventing its spread is crucial for limiting outbreaks, involving specific disinfection and hygiene practices.
Understanding the Hand, Foot, and Mouth Virus
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease is caused by enteroviruses, which are non-enveloped viruses. This means they lack a fatty outer layer, making them more resilient to certain disinfectants than enveloped viruses. Therefore, viruses are not “killed” like bacteria but rather “inactivated” or “denatured,” which prevents them from replicating and causing infection.
The virus primarily spreads through close personal contact, such as hugging or kissing, and through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. It can also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, as well as via the fecal-oral route. The virus can survive on surfaces for days, highlighting the importance of thorough disinfection. Infected individuals can remain contagious for weeks after symptoms disappear, and some adults can spread the virus without showing symptoms.
Disinfecting Contaminated Surfaces
Inactivating the HFMD virus on surfaces requires specific methods and agents. Household disinfectants effective against non-enveloped viruses are necessary. Always clean surfaces with soap and water first to remove organic matter, which can reduce effectiveness. Ensure the disinfectant remains on the surface for the recommended contact time.
Bleach solutions are effective for inactivating the HFMD virus on hard, non-porous surfaces. A common dilution is 1 tablespoon of bleach per gallon of water, or ΒΌ cup per gallon for general disinfection. When using bleach, ensure proper ventilation and follow safety precautions.
Commercial disinfectants labeled as “virucidal” or effective against “non-enveloped viruses” or “enteroviruses” can also be used. Always check the label for claims against specific virus types and detailed instructions, including contact time. Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs, light switches, toys, countertops, and bathroom fixtures.
Preventing Person-to-Person Transmission
Preventing the spread of HFMD also involves individual actions and good hygiene practices. Thorough and frequent handwashing with soap and water is a primary defense, especially after changing diapers, using the toilet, and before eating. Hands should be washed for at least 20 seconds, ensuring all surfaces are scrubbed. This method is more effective than hand sanitizers for non-enveloped viruses like those causing HFMD.
While hand sanitizer can be used when soap and water are unavailable, it is not as effective against enteroviruses. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially those with lower alcohol concentrations, show poor effectiveness against Enterovirus 71 (EV71).
Avoiding close contact with infected individuals, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing utensils, helps limit transmission. Practicing good respiratory etiquette by covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow also reduces the spread of viral droplets. Personal items like cups, towels, and toys should not be shared. Keeping infected children home from school or daycare is important to prevent outbreaks and protect others in group settings.