Ylang Ylang, scientifically known as Cananga odorata, is a tropical tree celebrated for its intensely fragrant blossoms. It is a significant source of one of the world’s most sought-after essential oils, used primarily in perfumes and wellness products. The oil’s powerful, sweet floral aroma has made it a foundational ingredient in the global fragrance industry.
Botanical Identity and Geographical Origin
The Cananga odorata tree is native to the rainforests of Southeast Asia, thriving in the tropical climates of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. This evergreen species grows rapidly and can reach heights of up to 40 feet in an ideal climate. The plant produces large, drooping flowers that transition from a pale green to a rich greenish-yellow when they are ready for harvest.
The flowers are distinctive, featuring six narrow, long, and slightly twisted petals that give them a star-like appearance. The common name “Ylang Ylang” translates to “flower of flowers,” reflecting its powerful scent. The fragrance is most potent in the early morning, which is the preferred time for harvesting. The tree requires a hot, humid environment and well-drained soil for optimal blossom yield.
Distillation Process and Oil Grades
The essential oil is extracted from freshly picked flowers using steam distillation. Ylang Ylang is unique because it undergoes fractional distillation, where the process is stopped and restarted multiple times to collect different “fractions” or grades of oil. This fragmented approach is necessary because the oil’s chemical composition changes significantly during the distillation run, which can last up to 24 hours.
The first fraction collected is Ylang Ylang Extra, the most volatile grade containing the highest concentration of light aromatic esters. This premium grade is collected within the first few hours and possesses the most intense, sweet floral aroma. Subsequent fractions are collected as Grades I, II, and III, which contain progressively fewer lighter compounds and more heavier molecules, such as sesquiterpenes. Ylang Ylang Complete is a fifth grade, created either by blending all fractions or by running a single, uninterrupted distillation to capture the full spectrum of compounds.
Primary Uses in Aromatherapy and Fragrance
In fine perfumery, Ylang Ylang oil is highly valued for its sweet, rich floral profile. Functioning as a middle to base note, its scent unfolds slowly, providing lingering depth to a composition. The opulent fragrance is a key component in classic floral perfumes, softening sharp citrus notes and enhancing other florals. Perfumers typically favor Ylang Ylang Extra for its luminosity and exquisite top notes.
The oil is also a mainstay in aromatherapy, primarily for its effects on the nervous system. Inhaling the aroma is commonly associated with promoting deep relaxation and easing feelings of anxiety and stress. It is considered a sedative that helps calm the mind and body. Traditionally, it has been used to help lower high blood pressure and decrease a rapid heart rate. Historically, the oil was also used in folk medicine as a hair treatment to stimulate growth and as an antiseptic for minor wounds and insect bites.
Chemical Components and Safety Considerations
The distinctive scent and therapeutic qualities of Ylang Ylang oil are due to a complex mixture of chemical constituents. Key compounds include linalool, which contributes a floral and calming note, and geranyl acetate, which imparts a slightly fruity aroma. The oil also contains sesquiterpenes like germacrene D and beta-caryophyllene, which become more concentrated in the later distillation grades.
Safety guidelines must be followed when using the potent essential oil. The oil can cause skin irritation or sensitization if applied undiluted, requiring it to be mixed with a carrier oil before topical use. Ylang Ylang Extra, due to its higher ester concentration, may be more likely to cause skin reactions than lower grades. Since the oil is a known hypotensive agent, individuals with naturally low blood pressure should use it cautiously. The oil is not intended for internal consumption and should be avoided by pregnant individuals.