Vulvitis refers to the inflammation of the vulva, which encompasses the external female genitalia. This condition is a common occurrence that can affect individuals across all age groups, from young girls to adult women. It is not considered a disease itself, but rather a symptom indicating an underlying irritation, infection, or allergic reaction.
Understanding Vulvitis and Its Signs
Vulvitis is the inflammation of the vulva, the external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The moist and warm environment of this area makes it particularly susceptible to irritation. Common signs often include redness and swelling of the affected skin.
Intense itching and a burning sensation in the vulvar area are common. Other signs include small cracks, oozing blisters that may crust, or thick, whitish, scaly patches on the skin. These symptoms can cause persistent discomfort and pain.
Common Causes
Various factors can contribute to the development of vulvitis. Infections are a frequent cause, including bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections (often caused by Candida albicans), and sexually transmitted infections like genital herpes. These infections cause inflammation as the body responds to microorganisms.
Irritants from various products can also trigger vulvitis. These include:
Strong soaps, bubble baths, shampoos, hair conditioners, and laundry detergents containing harsh chemicals, dyes, or perfumes.
Scented toilet paper, feminine sprays, douches, and certain sanitary products like pads or tampons.
Wearing wet bathing suits for extended periods or tight, synthetic underwear that traps moisture.
Allergic reactions to fabrics, spermicides, or other topical agents.
Underlying skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis.
Physical irritation from activities like cycling or horseback riding.
Seeking a Diagnosis and Treatment Options
A healthcare professional diagnoses vulvitis through a physical and pelvic examination. To identify the underlying cause, additional tests may be conducted, such as blood tests, urine tests, or swabs to check for yeast, bacterial, or sexually transmitted infections. A Pap test, which involves examining cells from the cervix, might also be performed.
Treatment for vulvitis is tailored to its specific cause. If an infection is identified, topical or oral medications, such as antifungals for yeast infections or antibiotics for bacterial infections, may be prescribed. For cases stemming from irritation or allergic reactions, topical corticosteroid creams can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms like itching and redness. Antihistamines may also be recommended to manage severe itching. Eliminating the identified irritant or allergen is essential for successful treatment.
Prevention and At-Home Management
Preventing vulvitis involves adopting gentle hygiene practices and avoiding known irritants. Use mild, unscented soaps for cleansing the vulvar area and rinse thoroughly with water. Avoid douching, vaginal sprays, and perfumed feminine hygiene products, as these can disrupt the natural balance of the vulvar environment and cause irritation.
Choosing breathable clothing, such as cotton underwear with a cotton crotch, helps maintain a dry environment, reducing the risk of moisture buildup that promotes irritation. Avoid tight-fitting clothing and change out of wet swimwear or sweaty workout clothes promptly. For immediate relief, cool compresses or sitting in a lukewarm sitz bath with plain water or colloidal oatmeal can help soothe inflamed skin.