Vape juice, also known as e-liquid, is a solution that creates the visible aerosol inhaled during vaping. This liquid typically consists of nicotine, flavorings, and two primary diluents that form the base mixture. Vegetable Glycerin (VG) is one of these base ingredients. Its properties directly influence the volume and texture of the vapor produced when the e-liquid is heated.
What is Vegetable Glycerin?
Vegetable Glycerin is a naturally occurring compound classified as a sugar alcohol. It is commonly sourced from plant oils, such as palm, soy, or coconut, through a process that separates the glycerin from the fatty acids. This substance, also called glycerol, has been used in food and cosmetic products for many years.
In its pure form, VG is a clear, odorless liquid with a thick, syrup-like consistency. It possesses a mildly sweet taste, which contributes to the overall flavor profile. This compound is known for its humectant properties, meaning it naturally attracts and retains moisture. These physical properties make it a popular ingredient across several industries, including its use as a main solvent in e-liquids.
How VG Shapes the Vaping Experience
The physical properties of Vegetable Glycerin make it a foundational ingredient in e-liquids. When VG is heated by the coil in a vaping device, it aerosolizes into a dense, visible vapor. This process is responsible for the large, voluminous clouds associated with certain styles of vaping.
Because of its high viscosity, VG produces a thicker vapor that results in a smoother sensation upon inhalation. This smoothness softens the feeling in the throat compared to other base ingredients. The mild sweetness of VG also subtly affects the final taste, complementing many flavorings, particularly dessert and cream profiles. Additionally, VG acts as a carrier for the flavoring agents and nicotine, ensuring even distribution before vaporization occurs.
Comparing VG and Propylene Glycol
Most e-liquids use a blend of Vegetable Glycerin (VG) and Propylene Glycol (PG), and the ratio of these two ingredients defines the vaping experience. VG is significantly thicker than PG, which is a thin, watery liquid. This difference in viscosity means high-VG e-liquids require more powerful coils and wicks to absorb and vaporize the dense liquid effectively.
VG delivers a much smoother, less irritating inhale, whereas PG is known for creating a stronger “throat hit,” which mimics the sharp sensation of smoking a traditional cigarette. While VG carries a subtle sweetness, it is not as effective at delivering intense flavor notes as PG, which is generally considered flavor-neutral. Therefore, high-VG blends may slightly mute the flavor intensity.
Manufacturers use specific VG/PG ratios to achieve a desired outcome. A 50/50 blend offers a balance of vapor production and throat hit, suitable for lower-power devices. E-liquids with a higher proportion of VG (e.g., 70% VG or “Max VG”) are preferred by users prioritizing large clouds and a smoother inhale, often requiring high-wattage, sub-ohm systems. Conversely, higher PG ratios are chosen for a more intense flavor and stronger throat sensation, best suited for smaller, lower-power devices.
Safety Profile and Regulatory Status
Vegetable Glycerin is widely recognized and used in food and pharmaceutical products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified VG as “Generally Recognized As Safe” (GRAS) for consumption and topical application. However, this status does not automatically extend to the effects of inhaling vaporized VG, which is a subject of ongoing research.
While generally well-tolerated, inhaling VG can sometimes lead to temporary side effects due to its moisture-attracting properties. Users may experience a dry mouth or increased thirst because the compound draws moisture from the mucous membranes. Allergic reactions are rare, but individuals sensitive to the vegetable oils from which VG is derived should exercise caution. Regulatory bodies monitor VG use in e-liquids, ensuring high purity to minimize potential risks during vaporization.