Ultrasonic scaling uses advanced technology for a thorough cleaning of the teeth. This technique efficiently removes plaque, hardened tartar (calculus), and bacterial biofilm from both the visible surfaces of the teeth and the areas below the gum line. By dislodging these deposits, ultrasonic scaling helps maintain gum health and prevent disease progression during routine cleanings and periodontal therapy. The method is valued for its effectiveness and often provides a comfortable experience for the patient.
How the Ultrasonic Scaler Works
An ultrasonic scaler converts electrical energy into high-frequency mechanical vibrations, typically ranging between 20,000 to 50,000 cycles per second. This rapid oscillation causes the small metal tip of the instrument to move in a precise pattern, directly breaking apart hard mineralized calculus deposits on the tooth surface. The force used is light, as excessive pressure will dampen the vibration and reduce cleaning effectiveness.
A constant stream of water, or sometimes an antibacterial mouthwash, is simultaneously sprayed from the tip, serving a dual purpose. This coolant prevents the friction from the rapid vibrations from causing heat buildup, which could otherwise damage the tooth or soft tissue. The water also creates a phenomenon known as the cavitation effect.
Cavitation involves the formation and implosion of microscopic bubbles in the water near the tooth surface. As these bubbles collapse, they generate shock waves that disrupt and wash away bacterial deposits and biofilm, even slightly beyond where the tip physically reaches. This combination of mechanical vibration and acoustic energy allows for a highly efficient and comprehensive cleaning action.
What to Expect During the Procedure
During the procedure, patients will notice several distinct sensations. The most noticeable is the sound, often described as a high-pitched whirring or buzzing noise, and the feeling of rapid, light vibration against the teeth. The dental hygienist uses a delicate, sweeping motion with the tip, letting the vibration do the work rather than relying on heavy pressure or scraping.
A constant mist of cool water is continuously expelled from the tip, which is immediately managed by a high-volume suction tool held near the treatment area. This suction is necessary to remove the water, debris, and any aerosolized particles created during the process. The water flow is also adjustable; a lower water temperature can sometimes help to reduce patient sensitivity.
Some temporary tooth sensitivity may occur, particularly in areas where the gums have receded, exposing the root surface. This is often due to the mechanical action or the thermal change from the water. The hygienist can adjust the power setting or water flow to manage this discomfort. The goal is to use light pressure and continuous movement to effectively remove deposits.
Distinguishing it from Manual Scaling
Ultrasonic scaling differs from manual scaling in the method of calculus removal. Manual scaling uses instruments like curettes and sickles, which require the dental professional to physically scrape or plane the tooth surface to shear off deposits. Conversely, the ultrasonic method employs high-frequency vibration to shatter and pulverize the calculus, reducing the need for forceful hand movements.
Ultrasonic scaling is often faster than manual scaling, especially when dealing with heavy or extensive calculus buildup. The speed of the vibrating tip allows for rapid bulk deposit removal. Furthermore, the water stream provides a continuous flushing action that irrigates the deep pockets between the teeth and gums, an advantage manual instruments do not possess.
Professional cleanings commonly utilize a combination of both techniques. Ultrasonic instruments are typically employed first for the rapid removal of the majority of large deposits. Manual instruments are then used to fine-tune the procedure, meticulously checking for and removing any residual pieces of calculus that the power tool may have missed.