“Trash fever” refers to infectious diseases acquired from environments contaminated with waste, decaying organic matter, or floodwaters. These conditions are a group of infections linked by common transmission routes through contaminated surroundings.
Causes and Transmission
The main pathogens associated with “trash fever” are Leptospira bacteria, which cause leptospirosis. These bacteria spread through the urine of infected animals like rodents, livestock, and wild mammals, which can carry the bacteria without symptoms. The bacteria survive for weeks or months in moist soil and water contaminated with this urine.
Humans contract leptospirosis through direct or indirect contact with contaminated water or soil. This occurs when bacteria enter the body through cuts, abrasions, or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth). Common exposures include working in agricultural fields, sewers, or during flood events with contaminated waste and water. Recreational activities like swimming or wading in potentially contaminated fresh water also pose a risk.
Recognizing Symptoms
Leptospirosis symptoms vary, with some individuals experiencing none. Initial symptoms often appear suddenly, typically 2 to 14 days after exposure, resembling other common illnesses. These include high fever, headache, chills, severe muscle aches (especially in calves and back), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and red eyes.
In about 10% of cases, the illness progresses to a severe phase called Weil’s syndrome. This advanced stage can cause yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), kidney damage, liver failure, and respiratory distress. Other severe issues include internal bleeding or meningitis. Seek medical attention if these symptoms develop after potential environmental exposure.
Diagnosis and Care
Diagnosing leptospirosis begins with evaluating the patient’s medical history, focusing on recent environmental exposures. A physical examination identifies signs like red eyes or jaundice. Laboratory tests confirm the presence of Leptospira bacteria or the body’s immune response.
Early in the infection, molecular tests like PCR detect bacterial DNA in blood or urine. As the illness progresses, blood tests for Leptospira antibodies become effective, typically 6 to 10 days after symptom onset. Treatment involves antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin, most effective when given early. Severe cases may require intravenous antibiotics and supportive care, including fluids, pain management, or dialysis for kidney failure.
Prevention
Preventing “trash fever” exposure involves measures for contaminated environments. Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) like waterproof boots, gloves, and protective clothing when working or recreating in areas with stagnant water, decaying matter, or waste. Avoid direct contact with floodwaters or other contaminated water sources.
Practice good hygiene, including thorough handwashing with soap and water after potential exposure. Clean and cover any skin cuts or abrasions with waterproof dressings before and after activities that might lead to exposure. Controlling rodent populations around homes and workplaces, especially where waste accumulates, also reduces bacterial spread.