Total Communication (TC) is a philosophy used by speech-language pathologists and educators to support individuals with diverse communication needs. This approach defines communication as the understanding and expression of thoughts and needs using all available methods, rather than relying solely on spoken language. TC is a comprehensive strategy that prioritizes functional, effective interaction over rigid adherence to any one form, ensuring individuals have the tools necessary to connect with others and participate fully in their environment.
The Core Philosophy of Total Communication
The guiding principle of Total Communication is that an individual’s success in communication is the ultimate measure, superseding notions about which method is superior. This philosophy marked a shift away from restrictive practices, such as “pure oralism,” which historically mandated spoken language as the only acceptable form of communication for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. TC seeks to maximize comprehension and expression by leveraging the person’s unique strengths and abilities.
Limiting a person to one communication channel, especially a challenging one, can lead to frustration and developmental delays. By embracing a flexible, person-centered approach, TC reduces the pressure to produce perfect spoken language and instead focuses on the transfer of meaning. This inclusive perspective allows the speech-language pathologist to adapt the intervention strategy based on the individual’s evolving needs.
Communication Modalities Utilized
The “total” aspect of Total Communication refers to the simultaneous and integrated use of multiple modalities to reinforce a message. Spoken language remains a component, often used in conjunction with a visual system to provide dual input. This simultaneous use of speech and sign is sometimes known as simultaneous communication, which helps bridge the gap between auditory and visual processing.
Formal sign languages or sign systems, such as Manually Coded English or Key Word Signing, are frequently incorporated to provide a clear, visible representation of language structure. These systems differ from American Sign Language (ASL) because they often follow the grammar and word order of spoken English to support language acquisition. TC also utilizes natural gestures, body language, and facial expressions, which are fundamental components of human interaction.
Visual supports are another modality, offering concrete, stable representations of language concepts. These include pictures, symbols, written words, and communication boards, sometimes integrated into Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices. For example, a speech-language pathologist may speak the word “drink” while simultaneously signing the word and pointing to a picture of a cup. This layered approach ensures the message is delivered through multiple sensory channels, increasing the likelihood of both receptive understanding and expressive output.
Who Benefits from Total Communication
Total Communication is implemented for individuals whose communication challenges are multifaceted and not easily addressed through a single modality. A primary population is children and adults who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing, particularly those with severe or profound hearing loss who may not fully access spoken language through hearing technology alone. For these individuals, TC provides a robust visual language system that supports overall language development.
The approach benefits individuals with complex communication needs (CCN) resulting from developmental disabilities like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Down Syndrome, or intellectual disabilities. These individuals often struggle with the motor planning or linguistic demands of speech but can thrive when given access to visual or manual modes. Adults who have acquired communication difficulties, such as those with aphasia following a stroke, may also utilize TC to rebuild functional communication through gestures, drawing, and written language.