Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) is a widely cultivated perennial, cool-season grass important in temperate agriculture. Characterized by its cylindrical, spike-like flower head, it has been used extensively since the 18th century, notably promoted by American farmer Timothy Hanson. Its hardiness and adaptability to cool, moist conditions established it as a staple crop.
Primary Role in Livestock Nutrition
Timothy hay is a globally recognized forage, valued for feeding horses and cattle. Mature Timothy hay has a high fiber content (30–35% crude fiber), which supports healthy digestive function in large herbivores. It is popular for adult horses and those with metabolic concerns due to its relatively low protein (7–11%) and calorie density, which helps prevent excessive weight gain. Its excellent palatability makes it a reliable foundation for a balanced equine diet.
Dietary Staple for Small Herbivores
Beyond large livestock, Timothy hay is required for the health of domestic small herbivores, including rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. These species have open-rooted teeth that continuously grow. The constant chewing required to process the coarse, long-strand fiber naturally grinds down incisors and molars, preventing painful dental overgrowth. The indigestible fiber also promotes gut motility. A diet lacking sufficient long-strand fiber can lead to Gastrointestinal (GI) stasis, a potentially life-threatening condition where the digestive tract slows or stops entirely.
Use in Land Management and Soil Health
The dense, fibrous root system of Timothy grass makes it useful for various land management and ecological applications. Although not deep-rooted, its bunch-forming habit provides effective surface cover. It is frequently included in seed mixes for soil stabilization on disturbed ground, such as filter strips and waterways. The grass is valuable in rehabilitating sites like burned-over forestland or areas along roadsides and construction zones. Its ability to establish quickly in cool, moist, and partially shaded environments helps bind the topsoil.
Understanding Timothy Grass Pollen
A major public health aspect of Timothy grass is its significant contribution to seasonal hay fever (allergic rhinitis) in temperate regions. It is recognized as one of the most severely allergenic grasses. The grass releases a fine, wind-borne pollen that is easily inhaled by sensitive individuals. The peak pollination period typically occurs from late spring into early summer, often spanning June and July. Exposure to this pollen can cause classic hay fever symptoms, including sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy, watery eyes.