The zygomatic bone, commonly known as the cheekbone, is a paired, irregularly shaped bone that forms the prominence of the cheek. Located at the upper and lateral parts of the face, this bone contributes to the overall structure and contour, making it a noticeable feature just below the outer side of each eye.
Anatomy and Location
Each zygomatic bone has a quadrangular or diamond-like shape. The bone features three main surfaces: a lateral (facial) surface, a posteromedial (temporal) surface, and an orbital surface.
The zygomatic bone articulates with several other bones of the skull. It joins with the frontal bone and the maxilla. Additionally, it connects with the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. These connections are facilitated by various processes, such as the frontal process, temporal process, and maxillary process, which extend from the main body of the zygomatic bone to meet corresponding parts of adjacent bones. For instance, the temporal process of the zygomatic bone joins with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch.
Key Functions
The zygomatic bone provides structural support and contour to the face, defining its lateral shape and contributing to facial aesthetics. This bone also plays a role in protecting the eye by forming part of the orbit. Specifically, its orbital surface contributes to the floor and lateral wall of the eye socket.
The zygomatic bone serves as an attachment point for several facial muscles. The masseter muscle, involved in chewing, originates from the zygomatic arch. Other muscles, such as the zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor, attach to the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone. These muscles are important for facial expressions, enabling movements like smiling.
Common Injuries and Their Impact
Due to its exposed position, the zygomatic bone is susceptible to injury, with fractures being common. These often result from direct trauma to the face, such as sports injuries, falls, or motor vehicle accidents. A fractured zygomatic bone can lead to various symptoms, including pain, swelling, and bruising around the cheek and eye.
Individuals with a zygomatic fracture may also experience a flattened appearance of the cheek or facial asymmetry. Vision problems, such as double vision, can occur if the eye socket is affected. Numbness or tingling in the face, particularly under the eye, the side of the nose, upper lip, or gums, may also be present due to potential nerve damage. Additionally, jaw pain and difficulty opening the mouth or chewing can arise if the fracture impacts surrounding muscles or joints. Prompt medical attention is important to address these impacts and prevent potential long-term complications.