The toothache plant, scientifically known as Acmella oleracea, is a flowering herb long recognized for its potent oral anesthetic effect. This unusual plant earned its common name from the distinct tingling and numbing sensation it produces when consumed, which has been historically used to alleviate dental pain. The plant is often referred to by other names, such as Paracress, Jambu, or “Buzz Buttons,” alluding to the electric feeling it imparts in the mouth.
Identifying Characteristics and Origin
Acmella oleracea is a small, herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, which also includes daisies and sunflowers. It is characterized by dense, cone-shaped flower heads that are typically yellow with a distinct reddish-brown tip. The leaves are ovate or triangular and have a slightly pungent flavor even before the numbing effect takes hold.
The plant is native to tropical regions of South America, most likely originating in Brazil, where it is known as Jambu. It has spread and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates worldwide. The plant grows quickly, thriving in moist, well-drained soil, and is often grown as an edible ornamental. While both the leaves and the flowers are used, the flowers contain the highest concentration of the active compounds responsible for the numbing sensation.
The Science Behind the Numbing Sensation
The unique oral sensation produced by the toothache plant is caused by a compound called Spilanthol, which is a type of N-alkylamide. This fatty acid amide is the primary bioactive component, and its concentration is notably higher in the plant’s flower heads. Spilanthol acts directly on the sensory nerve endings in the mouth, creating a localized effect.
The mechanism involves the compound’s interaction with receptors on these nerve cells, particularly the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels. Initially, this interaction triggers a strong, electric tingling or buzzing sensation, often accompanied by increased salivation. This is rapidly followed by a temporary, superficial numbing effect, providing localized analgesia. Spilanthol works by temporarily modulating how these nerves signal pain, effectively dulling the local perception of discomfort.
Traditional and Modern Applications
Historically, Acmella oleracea has been a common fixture in folk medicine, particularly across the Amazon region. Its most widespread traditional application has been for the temporary relief of toothaches, mouth ulcers, and gum infections. A decoction of the plant has also been used as an antiseptic to cleanse wounds.
Beyond its pain-relieving properties, modern research has investigated its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. Studies suggest that Spilanthol can suppress inflammatory pathways in the body, supporting its traditional use in treating conditions like rheumatism. The plant’s extracts are also being explored for their antimicrobial properties against various bacteria and fungi.
A significant modern application is its use in the cosmetic industry as a topical muscle relaxant. Concentrated extracts are incorporated into anti-aging creams and serums, where Spilanthol acts to gently inhibit muscle contractions beneath the skin. This effect is marketed as a natural alternative to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
Safe Preparation and Consumption
The simplest way to use the toothache plant is by chewing a small piece of a fresh leaf or flower head, which releases the Spilanthol directly onto the affected area. The initial taste is often described as grassy, leading quickly to the characteristic tingling and numbing. For more controlled use, the plant is processed into tinctures, oils, or powdered extracts, often labeled as Jambu extract.
When consuming the plant, it is important to be aware of the intensity of the sensation, as a little goes a long way. While generally considered safe for consumption in small quantities, high doses of the concentrated extract have been associated with toxicity in laboratory studies.
Safety Considerations
Individuals with allergies to the Asteraceae family of plants should avoid consumption. People currently taking diuretic medications should exercise caution, as the plant can act as a diuretic. Pregnant women are also advised against using the plant due to a lack of safety data. The plant offers temporary relief, but it is not a substitute for professional dental or medical care for persistent pain or infection.