If you lift your upper lip and look in the mirror, you will see a small, thin band of tissue connecting the lip to the gum line. This subtle piece of anatomy often goes unnoticed unless it causes a problem, but it is a normal part of the oral structure. This fold has a specific anatomical name and a physiological purpose. Understanding this structure helps explain why its size or position may lead to dental, feeding, or hygiene issues for some people.
The Superior Labial Frenulum: Anatomy and Function
The tissue fold located under the center of the upper lip is correctly identified as the superior labial frenulum, also known as the maxillary labial frenum. This structure is composed of a fold of mucous membrane and underlying connective tissue. It extends from the inner surface of the upper lip down to the gum tissue, attaching to the midline of the upper jaw, typically above the two front teeth.
The frenulum’s primary function is to stabilize the upper lip, controlling its range of motion and preventing excessive movement. In early development, it helps guide the proper alignment of oral structures. It naturally changes as a person grows, often becoming thinner and less prominent over time.
Common Issues Related to Frenulum Structure
While the frenulum is a normal anatomical feature, its structure can sometimes be too large, thick, or attached too low on the gums, leading to various issues. One common concern is the formation of a diastema, a gap between the two upper central incisor teeth. An excessively thick frenulum or one that inserts too close to the teeth can prevent the incisors from meeting, maintaining the space.
If the frenulum’s attachment extends too low, particularly into the gum tissue, it can exert a constant pulling force. This tension can result in gingival recession, where the gum tissue is pulled away from the tooth surface, potentially exposing the tooth root. An abnormal attachment can also complicate oral hygiene by making it difficult to properly clean the gum line, increasing the risk of plaque retention and periodontal complications.
In infants, an overly restrictive frenulum is sometimes referred to as a “lip tie,” which limits the mobility of the upper lip. If the lip cannot flare outward to create a proper seal, it may interfere with the infant’s ability to latch effectively during breastfeeding. This difficulty can lead to symptoms such as inadequate milk intake, poor weight gain, clicking sounds during feeding, and pain for the nursing mother. The frenulum is also susceptible to injury, commonly tearing during childhood falls or accidents.
Correcting Issues with a Frenectomy
When an abnormal frenulum causes functional or aesthetic problems, a minor surgical procedure called a frenectomy may be recommended. A frenectomy involves the precise removal or modification of the restrictive frenulum tissue. This procedure is typically quick and can be performed in an outpatient setting by a dentist, periodontist, or oral surgeon.
The tissue is usually released using a scalpel, surgical scissors, or a soft tissue laser. Laser procedures are often favored because they offer high precision and minimize bleeding and discomfort. Recovery is generally straightforward, with most discomfort subsiding within the first few days.
Patients are advised to maintain careful oral hygiene, eat soft foods, and avoid activities that create suction, such as using a straw, for a short period. Full healing of the surgical site usually takes between two to four weeks, depending on the method used and the patient’s age. For issues like a diastema, a frenectomy is often performed in conjunction with orthodontic treatment to ensure the gap closes completely.