Human height varies considerably across individuals, shaped by genetics and environmental influences. While most people fall within a general range, a select few achieve statures that stand out significantly. These exceptional cases spark curiosity about the upper limits of human growth and reveal insights into human physiology.
The World’s Tallest Person
The tallest documented human ever recorded was Robert Pershing Wadlow, known as the Alton Giant. Born in Alton, Illinois, on February 22, 1918, Wadlow’s height surpassed all others. When last measured on June 27, 1940, just 18 days before his death, he stood 8 feet 11.1 inches (2.72 meters) tall. At his passing at age 22, he weighed approximately 439 pounds (199 kg).
Wadlow’s growth was rapid from an early age. He weighed 30 pounds by six months old and reached 5 feet 4 inches by age five, wearing clothes designed for teenagers. By his eighth birthday, he was taller than his 5-foot 11-inch father. He continued to grow rapidly, reaching 8 feet 4 inches by his high school graduation in 1936, becoming the tallest teenager ever recorded.
The Biology of Exceptional Height
Exceptional human height is primarily linked to gigantism, a rare medical condition. This occurs when a child or adolescent has excessive levels of growth hormone (GH) in their body. The pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, produces GH. In most gigantism cases, a benign tumor on this gland, called a pituitary adenoma, causes the overproduction of growth hormone.
The overproduction of GH before bone growth plates fuse leads to accelerated growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue. If untreated, individuals with gigantism can grow well over 8 feet tall. Robert Wadlow’s continued growth into adulthood was attributed to hypertrophy, or enlargement, of his pituitary gland.
Living with Extreme Height
Living with extreme height presents many practical and physical challenges. Daily life requires adaptations, as standard items like clothing, furniture, and transportation are not designed for such stature. Robert Wadlow, for example, wore a US size 37AA shoe, requiring custom-made footwear. Doorways and vehicle interiors frequently pose obstacles, often leading to discomfort or injury.
Beyond practical difficulties, extreme height can exert significant physical strain on the body. Individuals may experience musculoskeletal problems, including lower back pain, arthritis, and an increased risk of hip fractures due to added joint stress and a higher center of gravity. Circulatory issues, such as venous insufficiency and blood clots, and an increased likelihood of certain cancers are also risks. These health concerns can contribute to reduced mobility and a potentially shorter lifespan for those with untreated gigantism.