The supracaudal gland, also known as the violet or tail gland, is a specialized skin structure. It produces secretions that play various roles in animal life. Its presence is a normal biological feature.
Understanding the Supracaudal Gland
The supracaudal gland is a sebaceous gland, producing sebum, an oily substance. It is located on the dorsal surface of the tail, near the base. In dogs, it is often found around the ninth caudal vertebra.
This gland is common in various mammalian groups, including canids (domestic dogs, foxes, wolves), felids (domestic cats), some rodents, and European badgers. In some dog breeds, the gland may be very small or absent. It consists of modified sweat and sebaceous glands, secreting protein and hydrophobic lipids.
Its Biological Function
The primary purpose of the supracaudal gland’s secretions is chemical communication. The oily substances contribute to scent marking, conveying information to others within their species. This communication is significant for establishing social order and territorial boundaries.
The gland’s secretions contain chemical signals indicating identity, sex, and reproductive status. For example, in foxes, the violet gland is more developed in females and secretes actively during the denning season, leaving scent marks. While exact functions in domestic dogs are still being studied, the gland may assist in identifying them to other canines.
Potential Health Concerns
Despite its natural function, the supracaudal gland can be affected by health issues. One common condition is “stud tail,” or supracaudal gland hyperplasia, involving sebum overproduction. This excess oil can lead to a greasy, waxy patch of hair and skin at the tail’s base, sometimes with hair loss and bald spots.
Gland overactivity is often linked to hormonal imbalances, especially high levels of androgens like testosterone, more frequently observed in intact male animals. It can also occur in spayed/neutered individuals and females. Beyond excessive oiliness and hair loss, the area can become inflamed, develop blackheads (comedones), or lead to secondary bacterial infections, causing redness, swelling, pus, or scabbing.
Underlying conditions like testicular tumors, other hormone-secreting tumors, or Cushing’s disease (adrenal overproduction) can contribute to supracaudal gland issues. Poor hygiene or inadequate grooming can worsen oil buildup and increase infection risk. If symptoms like persistent greasiness, skin changes, or discomfort are observed, a veterinary examination is advisable. Treatment may include special shampoos, antibiotics, or neutering for intact males.