Coral snakes are a group of venomous reptiles recognized for their bright, distinctive patterns. These snakes are found in various regions, including the southern United States, Central America, and South America. Their potent neurotoxic venom necessitates accurate identification to avoid potentially dangerous encounters. Due to their secretive nature and sometimes small size, distinguishing them from harmless snakes is important. This need has led to the creation of a simple rhyme to aid in their recognition.
The Rhyme for Identification
A common saying helps people in North America differentiate between venomous coral snakes and their non-venomous mimics. The most widely recognized version of this rhyme states: “Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, venom lack.” Another variation advises, “Red touch yellow, kill a fellow; red touch black, a friend of Jack.” These mnemonics simplify complex visual patterns into an easily memorable rule for quick field identification.
This rhyme specifically applies to coral snake species found in the United States, such as the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius), Texas coral snake (Micrurus tener), and Arizona coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus). It serves as a general guide, indicating that if red bands are directly next to yellow bands, the snake is likely venomous. Conversely, if red bands are adjacent to black bands, the snake is non-venomous. While widely taught, this rhyme primarily applies to species within the US and may not hold true for all coral snake species globally, where different color combinations occur.
Distinguishing Coral Snakes from Look-Alikes
Applying the rhyme involves a close examination of the snake’s banding pattern, particularly how the colors meet. True coral snakes in the United States exhibit a sequence where red bands are bordered on both sides by narrow yellow bands. These yellow bands then connect to black bands, creating a distinct pattern of red-yellow-black-yellow-red. The red and black bands are wider than the narrow yellow bands. This color arrangement extends completely around the snake’s body, including its belly, which is a consistent and identifying feature.
In contrast, non-venomous mimics, such as the scarlet kingsnake and many milk snakes, display a different color order. For these harmless look-alikes, the red bands are bordered by black bands, meaning the red and yellow bands do not directly touch each other. Their pattern appears as red-black-yellow-black-red. The head coloration also provides a valuable clue; coral snakes have a black snout followed by a broad yellow band behind the eyes, while many mimics, like the scarlet kingsnake, have a reddish snout.
Beyond the primary color pattern, other features can support identification. Coral snakes possess smooth, shiny scales and a small, blunt head that is nearly the same width as their neck. Their unique neurotoxic venom is delivered through short, fixed fangs. While the rhyme serves as a valuable tool for North American species, it is important to exercise caution and avoid handling any snake with bright banding.
Snake patterns can vary, and misidentification can occur. It is safest to observe from a distance and never assume a snake is harmless due to subtle pattern differences. Always prioritize safety when encountering any snake in the wild.