The plant known as Ruda is called Rue in English, and its formal scientific name is Ruta graveolens. This highly aromatic, woody perennial herb originated in the Mediterranean region and has a centuries-long history of cultivation and use globally. This article explores the plant’s identity, physical description, cultural significance, and necessary safety precautions.
Identification and Description
The botanical identity of Ruda is Ruta graveolens, a member of the Rutaceae family, which also includes citrus fruits. This species is a small, woody, evergreen subshrub, typically growing one to three feet tall and wide. It is characterized by unique, feathery foliage that presents a striking glaucous or bluish-green color.
The leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate, giving them a delicate, compound appearance. When bruised, the leaves release a powerful, pungent odor, reflected in the specific epithet graveolens. Small, dull yellow, cup-shaped flowers appear in clusters (cymes) during the summer months. The plant thrives in well-drained, dry, or rocky soils and is drought-tolerant once established.
Traditional and Cultural Significance
Ruda has an extensive history in folklore and traditional practices across various cultures. In many Spanish-speaking regions, particularly in Latin America, the plant is deeply associated with spiritual protection. It is commonly used as a protective herb believed to ward off negative energy, jealousy, and malevolent forces.
This protective function often includes rituals aimed at cleansing a person or a space, such as the Mexican spiritual cleansing practice known as limpias. The plant’s symbolic power also guards against the “evil eye,” or mal de ojo, with sprigs sometimes placed near vulnerable individuals like newborns. Rue was historically known as the “Herb of Grace,” reflecting its use in European religious ceremonies for purification and repentance.
Beyond its spiritual role, the plant has a long history of traditional medicinal use, dating back to ancient Greeks and Romans. It was used to treat ailments ranging from eyestrain and inflammation to digestive issues. In some traditions, it was also used to regulate menstrual cycles or as an abortifacient, highlighting its potent biological activity. These are historical applications and not endorsements of modern medical use, as the plant’s toxicity is well-documented.
Safety Profile and Handling
The strong aroma and potent activity of Rue result from volatile oils and compounds like alkaloids and furocoumarins. Due to this chemical composition, Ruda requires careful handling and should not be ingested. Ingestion can cause severe gastrointestinal irritation, and larger doses may lead to serious complications, including liver and kidney damage.
One significant risk associated with handling the fresh plant is phytophotodermatitis. The furocoumarins in the plant’s sap sensitize the skin to ultraviolet light. If plant oils contact bare skin and are subsequently exposed to sunlight, the reaction can manifest as severe inflammation, blistering, and burn-like lesions.
Because of this phototoxicity, it is recommended to wear gloves and long sleeves when pruning or handling fresh Rue, especially on sunny days. Pregnant women should strictly avoid any internal consumption, as the plant has historically been associated with abortifacient properties. The potential for adverse reactions means that Rue is not considered a modern culinary herb.