Coral snakes are a group of venomous snakes recognized by their distinctive coloration, typically featuring bands of red, yellow, and black. Their striking appearance often leads to confusion with several non-venomous species that mimic their patterns. Accurate identification is important due to the potential danger of their venom.
The Famous Rhyme
A well-known rhyme helps distinguish venomous coral snakes from harmless look-alikes in North America. The rhyme states: “Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, venom lack.” This mnemonic indicates that if red bands touch yellow bands, the snake is likely a venomous coral snake. If red bands touch black bands, the snake is typically non-venomous. This rhyme is a general guide for quick identification in the United States, though it has limitations outside this region.
Distinguishing Coral Snakes
Beyond the rhyme, specific visual cues allow for more precise identification. True coral snakes in North America have red rings directly adjacent to yellow rings. Non-venomous mimics, like king snakes or milk snakes, display red bands that touch black bands. Coral snakes also typically have a black head followed by a wide yellow band and a blunt, rounded snout. The tail of a coral snake only has black and yellow bands, which aids in identification.
Coral Snake Venom and Safety
Coral snake venom is neurotoxic, primarily affecting the nervous system. Unlike bites from some other venomous snakes, coral snake bites often show minimal local symptoms like swelling or pain. The onset of severe effects can be delayed for several hours, sometimes up to 18 hours. Symptoms include muscle weakness, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, blurred vision, and potentially respiratory paralysis. If you encounter a coral snake, maintain distance and avoid provoking it, as they are reclusive and bites are uncommon.
Should a bite occur, immediate medical attention is necessary. Do not apply a tourniquet, cut the skin, or attempt to suck out the venom, as these actions can cause more harm. Keep the bitten area still and below the level of the heart, removing any jewelry or tight clothing, while awaiting medical care. Antivenom is the only specific treatment for envenomation, and its necessity is determined by medical professionals.