The pikake flower is a fragrant blossom closely associated with the tropical islands of Hawaii. This small, pristine white flower is cherished across the archipelago for its intoxicating aroma and delicate appearance. Though often considered a Hawaiian classic, the pikake is a type of jasmine introduced to the islands in the 19th century. Its scent and usage in traditional ceremony have made it one of the most beloved flowers in the region.
Botanical Identity and Physical Appearance
The pikake is scientifically identified as Jasminum sambac, a species belonging to the Oleaceae, or olive family. Despite its fame in Hawaii, the plant is not native to the islands but originates from India through Southeast Asia. This evergreen shrub or climbing vine thrives in warm, humid climates, making its cultivation in Hawaii highly successful.
The plant has dark green, rounded to oval leaves with prominent veins, which provide a lush backdrop for the blossoms. The flowers themselves are small, typically measuring only a half to three-quarters of an inch in diameter. They are a soft white or cream color and emerge at the ends of branches, either individually or in small clusters.
While the single-flowered variety is the most common and often used for leis, Jasminum sambac features several distinct types. Some flowers are semi-double, having elongated petals. Others are multi-whorled, appearing tightly packed and resembling a miniature white rose or carnation. The unopened blossoms are oval, giving way to a star-shaped or bell-shaped flower once fully open.
Cultural Significance and Hawaiian Context
The flower’s common name, pikake, holds a specific meaning tied to Hawaiian royalty. It is the Hawaiian word for “peacock.” The flower was named by Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani, the heir to the Hawaiian throne, who had a deep affection for both the fragrant flower and the peacocks that roamed her Waikīkī estate.
This connection to the Princess, who often wore the blossoms, cemented the pikake’s place as a romantic symbol in Hawaiian culture. The flower is valued for its symbolism of purity, romance, and love, making it a frequent inclusion in significant life events. Pikake is a traditional component of Hawaiian leis, which are often given to signify affection and celebration.
Pikake leis are particularly esteemed and are constructed using the kui, or piercing, style of lei-making. Due to their delicate nature, the buds are often strung together before they fully open to protect the petals. They are a popular choice for brides and attendees at weddings, where the flower’s symbolism reinforces themes of romance and enduring devotion.
Fragrance Profile and Commercial Uses
The most distinctive feature of the pikake is its intensely rich fragrance. The aroma is generally described as a sweeter and more opulent version of traditional jasmine, often carrying warm and musky undertones. Notably, the flower’s fragrance becomes stronger as the sun sets, releasing its full bouquet in the evening air.
The powerful scent makes the flower a highly sought-after component in the commercial fragrance industry. Pikake essential oil is extracted from the blossoms and serves as a base for high-end perfumes and body care products like lotions, soaps, and candles. Its deep floral profile lends itself well to products designed to evoke tropical luxury.
Beyond personal care items, the pikake flower has a historical and continued use in culinary applications, specifically as a flavoring agent. The blossoms are used to infuse delicate notes into certain teas, most famously contributing to the characteristic aroma of jasmine tea.