Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, a network of tissues and organs. This system includes lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, which are part of the body’s immune defense. Understanding the signs of lymphoma, particularly its most common initial symptom, can help individuals recognize signs and seek medical attention.
The Most Common Initial Symptom
The most common initial symptom of lymphoma is the appearance of swollen, often painless, lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands that filter harmful substances and house infection-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. These swollen nodes are frequently observed in easily palpable areas such as the neck, armpits, or groin.
When enlarged due to lymphoma, these lymph nodes typically feel firm or rubbery to the touch, and usually do not cause pain. Most swollen lymph nodes are not cancerous; however, those linked to lymphoma often persist, grow, or appear without an obvious infection. A lymph node larger than one centimeter in diameter or rapidly growing ones warrants medical evaluation.
Other Common Symptoms
While enlarged lymph nodes are frequently the first sign, lymphoma can also present with other systemic symptoms that may develop. These are called “B symptoms” and can indicate a more advanced stage. These B symptoms include unexplained fevers that may come and go over several days or weeks, drenching night sweats, and unexplained weight loss, typically 10% or more of body weight within six months without trying.
Other symptoms include persistent fatigue that does not improve with rest, generalized itching or skin rashes. Depending on where the lymphoma develops, individuals may also experience a persistent cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain if chest lymph nodes are enlarged. Abdominal pain or a feeling of fullness after small meals can occur if lymphoma affects abdominal organs like the spleen or liver.
When to Consult a Doctor
Consult a doctor if symptoms persist or cause concern. Consult a healthcare provider if you notice swollen lymph nodes that do not subside within a few weeks, continue to grow, or appear without an apparent reason like an infection. Lymph nodes that are hard, fixed to the skin, or located near the collarbone or lower neck should be evaluated promptly.
The presence of “B symptoms”—unexplained fever, drenching night sweats, or unintentional weight loss—should prompt a doctor’s visit, regardless of whether swollen lymph nodes are present. Any concerning symptoms lasting over two weeks, or any new, unexplained, or worsening symptoms, warrant medical attention. Early evaluation allows for timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
Understanding Lymphoma Diagnosis
When symptoms suggest the possibility of lymphoma, a healthcare provider will typically begin with a physical examination, checking for swollen lymph nodes in common areas. This is followed by blood tests to evaluate overall health, though blood tests alone cannot definitively diagnose lymphoma. Imaging scans (CT or PET) may identify enlarged lymph nodes or signs of lymphoma elsewhere.
Definitive diagnosis, however, typically requires a biopsy. During a biopsy, a tissue sample (often an entire affected lymph node) is removed and examined under a microscope to identify cancer cells and determine the specific type of lymphoma. This detailed analysis confirms the diagnosis and guides treatment decisions.