The national flower of Colombia is the Cattleya trianae, an orchid that holds a distinguished place as a national symbol. This species is widely known by the common names Christmas Orchid or Flor de Mayo in the country. Its selection as the floral emblem highlights the nation’s immense biodiversity, especially its rich variety of native orchids.
Official National Symbol Designation
The formal recognition of Cattleya trianae as the national flower occurred in 1936. The task of identifying the most fitting floral symbol for Colombia was given to the botanist Emilio Robledo. Robledo’s choice was rooted in factors that connected the plant to the national identity.
The orchid was named in honor of the 19th-century Colombian naturalist José Jerónimo Triana, a pioneering figure in the study of the country’s flora. Furthermore, the flower’s distinct lip often displays colors—yellow, blue, and red—that mirror those of the Colombian flag, providing a clear visual link to the nation.
Biological Profile of the Christmas Orchid
Cattleya trianae belongs to the Orchidaceae family and is an epiphytic species, meaning it grows harmlessly on the surface of other plants, typically trees, for physical support. This growth habit allows it to absorb moisture and nutrients from the humid air and rainfall. It is entirely endemic to Colombia, thriving naturally in the moist lowlands and Andean cloud forests of the mountainous regions.
The orchid is generally found at elevations ranging from 1,200 to 2,500 meters above sea level, where the climate provides the necessary cool temperatures and high humidity. Its flowers are large, measuring between 15 and 20 centimeters (six to eight inches) across. The size and coloration of the blooms make them highly sought after by collectors.
The coloration of the petals and sepals is highly variable, often presenting in shades of white, pale pink, or lilac. A distinctive feature is the prominent, ruffled labellum, or lip, which typically features a rich, dark magenta or crimson color. Inside the throat of this lip, a bright yellow blotch acts as a guide for pollinators. The orchid is commonly known as the Christmas Orchid because its blooming period occurs primarily during the winter months, from late December through early spring.
Cultural Significance and Regional Identity
Beyond its official status, the Cattleya trianae has become a powerful symbol of Colombian identity, representing the natural beauty and resilience of the country. Its image is frequently used in art, literature, and official emblems, celebrating the nation’s rich ecological heritage. The flower’s popularity has also spurred a significant floriculture industry, which contributes to the national economy and provides livelihoods for many citizens.
However, this same popularity has created significant conservation challenges for the species in the wild. Due to habitat destruction from logging and farming, as well as illegal harvesting, the Cattleya trianae is currently considered threatened in its native habitat. Conservation efforts are focused on protecting the remaining natural populations to ensure the survival of this celebrated national emblem.