Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8 THC) is a compound derived from the hemp plant. This cannabinoid is federally permissible under the 2018 Farm Bill, though its legal status varies by state. Understanding how the body processes Delta-8 THC is important as these products become more widely available. The liver plays a central role in metabolizing most ingested compounds, including Delta-8 THC, raising questions about its effects on liver function and health.
Delta-8 Metabolism in the Body
When Delta-8 THC enters the body, the liver is primarily responsible for its breakdown through metabolism. This process involves a family of enzymes called cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, located within liver cells. These enzymes chemically modify Delta-8 THC, preparing it for elimination.
CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 are major enzymes in Delta-8 THC metabolism. These enzymes convert Delta-8 THC into various metabolites, such as 11-hydroxy-Delta-8-THC (11-OH-Delta-8-THC) and 11-nor-Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Delta-8-THC-COOH). These metabolites are further processed to become water-soluble for excretion, primarily through urine and feces.
Understanding Potential Liver Effects
Research on Delta-8 THC’s impact on liver health is currently limited, with few human studies on its hepatotoxicity. While Delta-8 THC is metabolized by the liver, similar to Delta-9 THC, its direct impact on liver function requires further study.
Some cannabinoids can interact with liver enzymes, and in very high concentrations, they could impose a burden on the liver. The metabolization process could produce active metabolites that might present toxicity risks to liver tissue over time. However, current evidence does not substantially link Delta-8 THC to acute liver injury, cirrhosis, or liver failure.
Factors Affecting Liver Health and Delta-8 Use
Individual responses to Delta-8 THC can vary significantly due to several factors. Genetic predispositions, pre-existing liver conditions like fatty liver disease or hepatitis, and overall health status can influence how an individual metabolizes Delta-8 THC and their susceptibility to liver strain.
The amount and frequency of Delta-8 THC consumption also play a role, as higher doses and chronic use could increase the workload on the liver. Combining Delta-8 THC with other substances, particularly alcohol or certain prescription and over-the-counter medications, can heighten the risk of liver strain. Both Delta-8 THC and alcohol are processed by the liver, and concurrent use can slow down the metabolism of both, potentially leading to increased levels in the bloodstream and amplified effects. Medications also metabolized by CYP enzymes, such as certain antidepressants, blood pressure medications, or pain relievers like acetaminophen, may interact with Delta-8 THC, potentially altering their efficacy or toxicity.
Purity of Delta-8 THC products is a concern. Because Delta-8 THC is typically manufactured by chemically converting cannabidiol (CBD) from hemp, unregulated products may contain harmful contaminants. These can include residual solvents, heavy metals, bleaches, or unknown byproducts from the conversion process. Such impurities pose a direct and substantial risk to liver health, often more so than the Delta-8 THC itself. Therefore, third-party lab testing is important to verify product purity and ensure the absence of these harmful substances.
Seeking Professional Advice
Given the limited comprehensive research on Delta-8 THC’s long-term effects on the liver, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable before using these products. This is especially true for individuals with pre-existing liver conditions, those currently taking prescription medications, or anyone with general concerns about their liver health. A healthcare provider can offer personalized guidance based on an individual’s health profile and medication regimen. Discontinue use and seek immediate medical attention if adverse symptoms related to liver function, such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) or abdominal pain, develop after using Delta-8 THC.