Human Rhinovirus is a highly prevalent respiratory virus responsible for the common cold. While generally leading to mild illness, understanding this virus is beneficial for managing its effects and limiting its spread.
What is Human Rhinovirus?
Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is classified within the Picornaviridae family, a group of small, non-enveloped RNA viruses. This family also includes enteroviruses, though rhinoviruses primarily target the upper respiratory tract. HRV is the most frequent cause of the common cold, accounting for over half of all cold-like illnesses.
There are over 165 known types of human rhinoviruses, categorized into three main species: A, B, and C. This large number of distinct types explains why individuals can experience multiple colds each year, as immunity to one type does not confer protection against others. HRV activity often peaks during the spring and fall seasons, though infections can occur year-round.
Common Symptoms of Infection
Symptoms of Human Rhinovirus infection begin to appear between 12 hours and three days after exposure. Initial signs include a scratchy or sore throat, followed by increased nasal discharge and congestion. Other symptoms are sneezing, coughing, a headache, or mild body aches.
Nasal secretions may start clear and watery, but can become thicker and discolored (yellow or green) after a few days. While fever is less common in adults, it can occur, particularly in younger children, sometimes reaching 38-39°C. Most symptoms resolve within 7 to 10 days for adults, though a cough or congestion might linger for up to two to three weeks, especially in children.
How Human Rhinovirus Spreads and How to Prevent It
Human Rhinovirus spreads primarily through direct person-to-person contact, via respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can infect others when inhaled. The virus can also spread indirectly by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching one’s own mouth, nose, or eyes. Rhinoviruses can remain infectious on surfaces for several hours.
Prevention measures include:
- Frequent handwashing with soap and water.
- Avoiding touching the face, particularly the eyes, nose, and mouth.
- Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the upper sleeve.
- Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces.
There is currently no vaccine available for human rhinovirus.
Caring for a Rhinovirus Infection
Managing a Human Rhinovirus infection involves supportive care, as there is no specific antiviral treatment for the common cold. Rest allows the body to recover. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids helps to thin mucus and soothe the throat. Over-the-counter remedies, such as pain relievers, decongestants, and saline nasal sprays, can alleviate symptoms like headache, congestion, and sore throat. Gargling with salt water can also provide temporary relief for a sore throat.
While most rhinovirus infections are mild, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. Seek professional care if a high fever persists, especially in children, or if there is difficulty breathing, severe headache, ear pain, or worsening symptoms. For infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems or underlying conditions like asthma, HRV infection can lead to complications such as ear infections, sinus infections, or exacerbate conditions like asthma.