Xeriscaping is a method of landscaping that focuses on reducing or entirely eliminating the need for supplemental water from irrigation. The term combines the Greek word xeros, meaning “dry,” with “landscaping.” This practice, first popularized by the Denver Water Department in the 1980s, is not limited to arid regions but can be adapted to any climate to promote water conservation. It represents a shift from traditional, water-intensive landscaping toward creating beautiful, drought-resilient outdoor spaces.
Defining the Primary Objective
The overarching goal of xeriscaping is primarily an environmental strategy aimed at reducing the immense strain placed on municipal water resources. Landscape irrigation accounts for an estimated nine billion gallons of freshwater daily in the United States, representing about a third of all household water use. Xeriscaping seeks to drastically cut this consumption, often by 50 to 75 percent, preserving finite freshwater supplies for drinking and other human needs.
This water-wise approach also addresses the issue of non-point source pollution. Traditional landscapes often require chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which are frequently washed away by excess irrigation and stormwater runoff. By reducing the need for these chemical inputs and minimizing runoff, xeriscaping helps prevent pollutants from flowing into local rivers, lakes, and watersheds. Using locally adapted plants encourages biodiversity and supports native wildlife, providing essential food and habitat, creating a sustainable, functioning ecosystem.
Applying the Seven Foundational Principles
Achieving the goal of water efficiency is accomplished through the integration of seven foundational principles.
The first principle involves thoughtful planning, including mapping the property’s slopes, sun exposure, and wind patterns. This includes hydrozoning, which means grouping plants with similar water needs together so that water is applied only where and when it is needed.
The second step is soil improvement. While organic matter can aid in water retention, the amount added should be appropriate for the chosen plants, as many drought-tolerant species prefer lean, well-draining soil. The third principle focuses on efficient irrigation, replacing traditional sprinklers—which lose significant water to evaporation and wind—with drip systems or soaker hoses. These methods deliver water directly to the plant’s root zone, minimizing waste and encouraging deeper root growth.
The fourth principle is appropriate plant selection, choosing species that are native to or well-adapted to the local climate. These plants naturally require less supplemental water and are more resistant to local pests and diseases. The fifth principle is the use of mulch, applying a layer of organic or inorganic material. Mulch helps reduce water evaporation from the soil surface, moderate soil temperature, and suppress weed growth.
The sixth principle calls for limiting or eliminating turf areas, since traditional lawn grasses are often the single largest consumer of landscape water. Where turf is desired, it should be limited to the smallest size necessary and consist of drought-tolerant varieties. Finally, proper maintenance constitutes the seventh principle, ensuring that the water-saving benefits are sustained over time through infrequent, deep watering, timely weeding, and pruning.
Clarifying Aesthetics and Common Misunderstandings
A persistent misconception is that xeriscaping results in a barren, monochromatic landscape dominated by gravel and cacti. Modern xeriscaping is a design philosophy that prioritizes color, texture, and visual interest while adhering to water conservation principles. Landscapes can be lush and vibrant, incorporating diverse drought-tolerant plants like ornamental grasses, vibrant perennials, and hardy shrubs that thrive without excessive irrigation. The key is intelligent design, not the elimination of greenery.
Another common misunderstanding concerns the initial investment and maintenance commitment. While there is an upfront cost to redesigning a traditional yard, this cost is often comparable to installing a conventional landscape. The long-term financial benefits quickly offset this initial outlay through lower water bills and reduced maintenance costs. Once established, a properly designed xeriscape requires significantly less attention than a traditional lawn, eliminating the need for weekly mowing and frequent chemical application. This translates into savings on utility costs, fertilizer, pesticides, and the time spent on yard work.