Hypoglycemia, commonly known as low blood sugar, demands immediate attention because glucose is the primary fuel source for the brain and nervous system. When blood glucose levels fall below a healthy range—typically under 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)—the brain suffers a rapid energy deficit. If not corrected quickly, this can lead to severe complications, including loss of consciousness or seizures. First aid focuses on swiftly restoring the body’s glucose supply.
Identifying the Symptoms of Low Blood Sugar
Recognizing the signs of a falling blood sugar level is the first step in effective first aid. Mild to moderate hypoglycemia often triggers symptoms that are a direct result of the body’s stress response as it attempts to raise glucose. These initial warning signs can include shaking or trembling, sweating, a rapid heartbeat, and a feeling of extreme hunger. As the brain becomes more deprived of glucose, the symptoms progress to include confusion, irritability, dizziness, or difficulty concentrating.
Severe hypoglycemia is indicated by the inability to safely eat or drink, significant disorientation, or the onset of a seizure. Symptoms vary greatly, and some people experience “hypoglycemia unawareness,” failing to notice early warning signs until blood sugar is dangerously low. Observing these changes determines the appropriate first aid action, distinguishing between a self-treatable situation and a medical emergency.
The Immediate Priority: Fast-Acting Glucose
For a person who is conscious and able to swallow, the single most important first aid priority is the immediate consumption of fast-acting glucose. This approach is widely standardized by the “15-15 Rule,” which dictates consuming 15 grams of simple, rapidly absorbed carbohydrate. After consuming the glucose source, the individual should wait 15 minutes and then check their blood sugar level again. If the level remains below the target range, the 15-gram carbohydrate dose is repeated until the blood sugar rises sufficiently.
The carbohydrate must be a simple sugar that requires minimal digestion to enter the bloodstream quickly. Effective sources include four ounces of fruit juice or regular soda, three to four glucose tablets, or one tablespoon of honey or table sugar. Foods containing fat or complex carbohydrates, such as chocolate bars or baked goods, should be avoided because they slow the absorption of sugar into the blood.
Responding to Severe Hypoglycemia and Unconsciousness
When an individual is experiencing severe hypoglycemia and is unable to safely swallow, the first aid protocol changes to prioritize safety and professional help. The immediate action is to call emergency medical services, such as 911. Under no circumstances should a first aider attempt to force food or liquid into the mouth of an unconscious person, as this risks choking.
If a person has a prescribed emergency glucagon kit, and the first aider is trained on its use, the glucagon should be administered as an injection or nasal spray. Glucagon is a hormone that prompts the liver to release its stored glucose, raising the blood sugar level. After administering glucagon, the person should be positioned safely on their side in case they vomit. Emergency services must still be awaited, as the patient may require further medical care.
Follow-Up Care and Prevention
Once the immediate crisis has passed and blood sugar has stabilized, follow-up care is necessary to prevent recurrence. The individual should consume a snack containing both long-acting carbohydrates and protein. This combination helps replenish stored glucose and provides a sustained energy release to keep the blood sugar stable over the next few hours. Examples of a good follow-up snack include a small half-sandwich, crackers with cheese, or a glass of milk.
The episode should be documented, including the suspected cause and the blood glucose level before treatment, if checked. The individual should consult with a medical professional soon after to understand why it occurred. This consultation helps determine if adjustments are needed to medication, diet, or overall diabetes management, reducing the risk of future episodes.