The common name chamomile refers to two distinct daisy-like plants widely used across the globe for their soothing properties. Roman chamomile and German chamomile are different species with unique botanical traits, chemical compositions, and primary medicinal uses. Understanding the differences between Chamaemelum nobile and Matricaria recutita is necessary for choosing the correct herb for a specific therapeutic need. The distinctions lie in their physical growth patterns, the molecular compounds they contain, and the traditional applications these components support.
How They Look: Botanical and Growth Differences
Roman chamomile, scientifically named Chamaemelum nobile, is a low-growing perennial plant belonging to a different genus than its counterpart. It spreads outwards, forming a dense, creeping ground cover that rarely grows more than one foot high. This species is often referred to as English chamomile and is native to Western Europe and North Africa.
German chamomile, known as Matricaria recutita, is an annual herb that grows upright on a single, branching stem, reaching heights of up to two feet. The botanical distinction is most clearly seen in the flower heads of the two plants, which both feature white petals around a central yellow disc. German chamomile flowers have a hollow receptacle, while Roman chamomile flowers contain a solid receptacle. German chamomile foliage is fine and fern-like. The Roman variety also has feathery leaves, but its stems creep along the ground, rooting as they spread.
Key Chemical Components and Aroma Profiles
The functional differences between the two chamomiles begin at the molecular level, where they produce different proportions of volatile oils. German chamomile’s unique properties come from its high concentration of sesquiterpenes, most notably alpha-bisabolol and chamazulene. Chamazulene is not present in the fresh flower but is created from a precursor called matricin during the steam distillation process, which gives the resulting essential oil its characteristic deep blue color. Alpha-bisabolol is responsible for many of its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects.
Roman chamomile’s essential oil is dominated by a different class of molecules: various esters, such as isobutyl angelate and isoamyl angelate. These esters can account for over 80% of the oil’s composition and are directly responsible for its distinct fragrance and calming effects. The aroma of Roman chamomile is described as sweet, warm, and fruity, often compared to the scent of apples. This contrasts with the more herbaceous, slightly stronger, hay-like scent of German chamomile. Roman chamomile is prized for its high ester content which contributes to its gentler, more sedative qualities.
How They Are Used: Primary Therapeutic Applications
The distinct chemical profiles of the two species translate into different primary applications in herbal medicine and aromatherapy. German chamomile is traditionally utilized for its powerful anti-inflammatory and digestive support capabilities, largely due to its alpha-bisabolol and chamazulene content. It is a common remedy for soothing stomach issues, including colic in infants, irritable bowel syndrome, and general mucosal irritation. German chamomile is also frequently used in topical preparations for its ability to calm skin conditions like eczema and promote wound healing.
Roman chamomile is primarily sought after for its calming, nervine, and mild sedative actions, making it the preferred choice for nervous system relief. Its high concentration of esters is associated with its use in reducing anxiety, easing nervous tension, and promoting restful sleep. While both varieties can be brewed into tea, Roman chamomile is highly valued in aromatherapy, where its sweet, apple-like scent is diffused for stress reduction and emotional balance. German chamomile is often favored for treating physical inflammation, while Roman chamomile is the traditional remedy for emotional and psychological distress.