The terms “pigeon” and “dove” are often used interchangeably, leading to widespread confusion about whether they represent distinct bird species. While many people perceive differences, often associating “doves” with gentleness and “pigeons” with urban environments, the reality is more nuanced. These common names do not signify a strict biological division between separate groups of birds.
A Single Avian Family
All birds commonly known as pigeons or doves belong to a single scientific family called Columbidae. This family is the only one within the order Columbiformes. Biologically, there is no scientific difference between a bird labeled a “pigeon” and one called a “dove.” The Columbidae family is remarkably diverse, encompassing over 300 different species found across the globe. The distinction between “pigeon” and “dove” is largely a matter of common linguistic usage, often influenced by cultural perceptions or the bird’s size. For instance, the common city bird known as the “Rock Pigeon” is also scientifically referred to as the “Rock Dove,” highlighting their shared lineage.
Common Distinctions and Characteristics
Despite the lack of scientific distinction, common usage often separates pigeons and doves based on perceived characteristics, primarily size. Generally, larger species within the Columbidae family tend to be referred to as “pigeons,” while smaller, more slender species are often called “doves.” For example, the smallest known species, like the New World Ground Dove, can measure around 5 inches long, whereas the largest, such as the Crowned Pigeon, can reach up to 30 inches in length.
Differences in appearance and coloration also contribute to these common distinctions. Pigeons, particularly the Rock Pigeon, are often associated with a sturdier build and typically display a bluish-grey plumage, often with iridescent green and purple sheen on their necks and two distinct black bars on their wings. In contrast, species commonly called doves, such as the Mourning Dove, often have a more delicate appearance and exhibit softer, muted coloration, ranging from delicate brown to buffy-tan, sometimes with small black spots on their wings. Tail shape can also vary; doves often possess longer, more tapered, or fanned-out tails, while pigeons typically have straighter or shorter tails.
Habitat association further shapes public perception. Pigeons, especially the Rock Pigeon, are widely recognized for their adaptability to urban environments, where they thrive in close proximity to human settlements. Doves, conversely, are frequently associated with more natural or rural settings, such as open fields, woodlands, or suburban yards.
Beyond the Name: Behavioral and Habitat Nuances
Behavioral and habitat nuances also contribute to the perceived differences between birds called pigeons and those called doves. Pigeons, especially the common Rock Pigeon, often exhibit highly gregarious behavior, congregating in large flocks within urban areas. They are opportunistic feeders, readily scavenging for food scraps left by humans. Their ability to adapt to man-made structures for nesting, such as building ledges and bridges, has allowed them to flourish in cities.
Doves, while also capable of forming flocks, may exhibit tendencies towards more solitary or pair-bonded behaviors depending on the species. Their foraging often occurs on the ground in more natural settings like fields or woodland edges. While both pigeons and doves construct relatively flimsy nests using twigs and other debris, doves typically prefer more secluded nesting sites in trees, shrubs, or at ground level.
Vocalizations also provide a general means of distinction. Both pigeons and doves produce characteristic cooing sounds. However, pigeons often have deeper, more resonant coos. Doves, such as the Mourning Dove, are known for their softer, often described as mournful, calls. Additionally, some species, like the Mourning Dove, produce a distinct whistling sound with their wings during takeoff and landing.