It is common for people to use the terms “deer” and “reindeer” interchangeably. While related, these terms do not refer to the same animal. This article clarifies the distinctions between deer as a broad category and reindeer as a specific species, exploring their biological classification, physical attributes, and behavioral patterns.
Species and Classification
The term “deer” broadly refers to any member of the biological family Cervidae, which encompasses a diverse group of ruminant mammals. This family includes well-known animals such as moose, elk, and various species like white-tailed deer and red deer. Reindeer, on the other hand, are a distinct species within this family, scientifically known as Rangifer tarandus.
All reindeer are therefore deer, but not all deer are reindeer. In North America, wild populations of Rangifer tarandus are commonly called caribou. The species Rangifer tarandus also includes various subspecies, both wild migratory caribou and domesticated herds found across Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
Physical Characteristics
A notable difference between reindeer and most other deer species lies in their antlers. Both male and female reindeer grow antlers, a trait unique among deer species where only males possess them. Reindeer antlers can be large and complex, often featuring distinctive shovel-like brow tines that extend forward over the face. These antlers are shed and regrow annually.
Reindeer possess a stockier build compared to many other deer species, an adaptation suited for colder climates. They weigh between 175 and 400 pounds. Their dense coat comprises two layers: a soft, woolly undercoat and longer, hollow guard hairs, which provide exceptional insulation and buoyancy in water.
Their hooves are another distinguishing feature, being large, broad, and deeply cloven. These hooves splay widely to distribute weight effectively across snow and soft ground, preventing them from sinking. The sharp edges of their hooves also allow them to dig efficiently through snow to access food sources.
Behavioral Traits and Domestication
Reindeer, particularly wild caribou, are known for their extensive annual migrations, covering hundreds or even thousands of miles. These animals gather in vast herds, a social behavior less common among most other deer species. This migratory pattern helps them locate seasonal food resources and escape from predators.
Reindeer graze on lichens, especially during winter months when other vegetation is scarce. Their diet also includes mosses, sedges, and dwarf shrubs, which contrasts with many other deer species that browse on leaves, twigs, and grasses. This specialized diet allows them to thrive in harsh Arctic environments.
Reindeer are the only deer species domesticated by humans, a practice spanning thousands of years. Indigenous peoples in northern regions have historically relied on reindeer for various purposes, including milk, meat, hides, and transportation. This long history of domestication has resulted in more docile behaviors in reindeer populations compared to their wild counterparts, facilitating their management by humans.