Borax and boric acid are two substances. While they share a close chemical relationship, they are distinct compounds with different properties and applications. Understanding the differences between borax and boric acid is important for their safe and effective use.
Understanding Borax
Borax, or sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O), is a naturally occurring mineral compound. This white, powdery, crystalline solid is often found in the evaporite deposits of dry lake beds.
When dissolved in water, borax creates a mildly alkaline solution. It is widely used as a household cleaner, a laundry booster, and a component in detergents, functioning by softening water and improving cleaning product efficiency. Borax also serves as an insecticide, particularly against ants and cockroaches, and is used as a flux in metallurgy to remove impurities.
Understanding Boric Acid
Boric acid (H₃BO₃) is a weak acid. It commonly appears as colorless crystals or a white, often flaky, powder. While naturally occurring, boric acid is frequently derived from borax or other boron minerals through a chemical reaction with a strong mineral acid.
When dissolved in water, boric acid forms a mildly acidic solution. It is used as an antiseptic for minor cuts and burns, and in eye washes due to its antibacterial properties. Boric acid also functions as an insecticide, targeting pests like cockroaches, termites, and ants, and is employed as a flame retardant.
Distinguishing Their Properties and Uses
Borax and boric acid possess distinct chemical structures and behaviors. Borax is a salt of boric acid, containing sodium (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O), while boric acid (H₃BO₃) does not.
A primary difference lies in their pH when dissolved in water: borax forms an alkaline solution with a pH around 9, whereas boric acid creates a mildly acidic solution with a pH around 5. Borax’s alkalinity makes it effective for cleaning, laundry boosting, and water softening. Boric acid’s mild acidity and specific toxicity to insects and microbes make it valuable for pest control and as an antiseptic.
Both substances are soluble in water and require caution. Borax can cause irritation to the skin and eyes, and is harmful if ingested, potentially leading to nausea, vomiting, and kidney issues in large amounts. Boric acid, while generally considered to have relatively low toxicity at typical concentrations, can also be harmful if ingested or inhaled, and may cause irritation to the respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.
When handling powdered forms, wear gloves, eye protection, and a mask. Ensure adequate ventilation and store both substances out of reach of children and pets.