Swans and geese are familiar waterfowl. While they belong to the same biological family, Anatidae, they exhibit distinct characteristics. Observing these differences in their physical attributes, behaviors, and vocalizations can help distinguish between these two types of birds.
Physical Distinctions
Swans are larger and heavier than geese, with some species reaching over 1.5 meters (59 inches) in length and weighing more than 15 kilograms (33 pounds). Geese weigh between 2.3 and 6.3 kilograms (5 to 14 pounds). Swans possess very long, graceful necks often held in an S-curve, while geese have shorter, thicker, and straighter necks.
Bill shape and color also vary. Mute swans have a distinct orange bill with a black knob at the base, and trumpeter swans have a solid black bill. Geese, in contrast, have a flatter, wedge-shaped bill that can be orange or pink, without a prominent knob. Many swan species are pure white, such as the mute, trumpeter, and tundra swans, while some, like the black swan from Australia, are entirely black, and the black-necked swan has a white body with a black neck. Geese display plumage in shades of brown, gray, or black, with white feathers limited to their tail or underbelly. Swan legs and feet are typically dark gray or black, though some have pink legs. Geese often have orange or pink legs and webbed feet.
Behavior and Habitat
Geese are observed in large, noisy flocks, particularly during migratory periods. Swans, conversely, are more solitary or found in smaller family groups. Both swans and geese exhibit territorial and aggressive behaviors, especially when nesting or protecting their young. Swans aggressively defend their nests, cygnets, and mates, using loud hissing and wing displays to deter perceived threats. Geese show strong territoriality, particularly during breeding season, and will respond to threats with honking, wing flapping, and charges.
Swans feed on aquatic vegetation, using their long necks to reach plants underwater, and may also graze on land. They also consume small aquatic animals like fish, insects, or worms. Geese are herbivores, grazing on grasses and other plant material on land, and dabbling for aquatic plants. Swans prefer larger, open water bodies such as lakes, ponds, slow-moving rivers, and coastal inlets. Geese can inhabit a wider range of environments, including urban and agricultural landscapes like parks, golf courses, and fields near water sources.
Vocalizations
Vocalizations offer another way to distinguish these birds. Mute swans are less vocal than other swan species, hence their name. Other swan species, such as trumpeter swans, have loud, horn-like calls, while tundra swans produce more hooting sounds. Geese are louder and more frequent vocalizers, with honking, hissing, and gabbling sounds, especially when in flocks.