Many people use “cow” as a general term for all cattle, or use “cow” and “bull” interchangeably. However, these terms refer to distinct animals with specific biological differences and roles. Understanding cattle terminology, based on sex, age, and reproductive status, clarifies their varied purposes in agriculture.
Understanding Bovine Terminology
A cow is a mature female bovine that has given birth to at least one calf. Cows are primarily known for milk production in dairy farming and for reproduction in beef operations. They typically have udders and a smoother body shape compared to bulls, with less prominent musculature. Cows are generally more docile than bulls and are often bred annually to expand herds.
A bull is an intact adult male bovine. Bulls are noticeably larger and more muscular than cows of the same breed, often weighing several hundred kilograms more. They possess thick necks, broad shoulders, and a more blocky appearance, with some breeds exhibiting a hump over their shoulders. Bulls are kept on farms primarily for breeding purposes, and their behavior tends to be more aggressive and dominant due to higher testosterone levels, requiring careful handling.
Expanding Your Bovine Vocabulary
Beyond cows and bulls, other terms describe cattle at various stages of life or with different agricultural functions. A calf is a young bovine of either sex, typically less than one year old. Female calves are often called heifer calves, and male calves are bull calves. Calves are usually weaned from their mothers at around six months of age.
A heifer is a young female bovine that has not yet given birth to a calf. Once a heifer delivers her first calf, she then becomes classified as a cow. Heifers are raised either for future milk production or as breeding stock for beef.
A steer is a male bovine that has been castrated, typically before sexual maturity. This prevents reproduction and often leads to a more docile temperament, making them easier to handle. Steers are primarily raised for meat production, as castration can result in higher quality, more tender beef due to lower testosterone levels.
An ox, also known as a bullock in some regions, is a bovine, usually a castrated male, that has been trained as a draft animal. Oxen are used for heavy work such as plowing fields, pulling carts, and other farm implements. They are valued for their strength and endurance, often working in pairs. While most oxen are steers, any cattle over four years of age trained for work can be considered an ox.