The confusion between “boar” and “pig” arises because these terms are frequently used interchangeably, despite having distinct meanings depending on the context. Both refer to animals within the Sus genus, but their precise definition often depends on the animal’s sex, age, or whether they are wild or domestic. Understanding the difference requires separating agricultural terminology from the names applied to the animal’s wild ancestors.
The Dual Meaning of “Boar”
The term “boar” has two primary definitions, leading to much of the public’s misunderstanding. In a strictly biological or farming context, a boar is an uncastrated, adult male swine of breeding age. This definition applies to both domestic and wild animals, distinguishing the intact male from the female, which is called a sow. The uncastrated status of a male pig is notable because it results in a strong, musky odor and flavor in the meat known as “boar taint,” caused by the accumulation of compounds like androstenone and skatole.
The second, more common usage of “boar” refers to the species Sus scrofa, which is the wild ancestor of all domestic pigs. In this context, the term “wild boar” is often used to describe the species as a whole, regardless of sex or age. These wild animals are native to Eurasia and North Africa and are characterized by a lean, muscular build and thick, coarse hair.
Pig: The Universal Terminology
“Pig” serves as the universal term for all species within the Sus genus, encompassing both wild and domesticated varieties. When used in a domestic or agricultural setting, “pig” often refers to the domesticated animal, Sus scrofa domesticus, and is further specified by age and sex. A young swine is typically called a piglet, while a female that has already given birth is known as a sow. A female that has not yet had a litter is referred to as a gilt.
The term “hog” is often used synonymously with “pig,” but it can also be a size-based classification, frequently referring to a swine weighing over 120 pounds or a market-ready animal. A significant distinction is made with the male: a castrated male pig is called a barrow. This castration is performed early in life to prevent boar taint in the meat intended for consumption, making the barrow the direct counterpart to the uncastrated boar in the farm environment.
Wild Swine vs. Domestic Pigs
The primary difference between wild swine and domestic pigs lies in the physical and behavioral changes resulting from thousands of years of selective breeding. Domestic pigs have been bred for rapid weight gain and docility, leading to a rounder body shape with shorter legs and a high concentration of body weight in the hindquarters. Their skin is often sparse-haired and pink, white, or spotted in color, and their snouts and heads are noticeably shorter than their wild counterparts.
Wild swine, or wild boars, retain the traits necessary for survival in natural environments. They have a more compact, muscular body with longer legs, allowing for greater agility and speed. The coat is typically dark brown or black and consists of thick, coarse hair that provides insulation. A defining characteristic of the wild boar is the prominent tusks, which are elongated lower canine teeth that continuously grow throughout the animal’s life and are used for defense and foraging.
Behaviorally, domestic pigs are calm and friendly, having been deliberately selected for tameness. Their diet is controlled and consists of commercial feed designed for optimal weight gain. Wild swine, by contrast, possess a more defensive and aggressive temperament, are often nocturnal, and are highly adaptable omnivores. They forage extensively, rooting in the soil for a diverse diet of roots, nuts, insects, and carrion, which maintains their lean physique. An escaped domestic pig can begin to develop features similar to a wild boar within just a few generations, demonstrating the power of natural selection.