The human foot is a complex structure, performing a foundational role in everyday movements. While we rely on our feet constantly, the specific names and functions of their individual parts are not always widely understood. This article explores the back of the foot, detailing its common and scientific terminology, anatomy, function, and common conditions.
The Heel: What It’s Called
The back of the foot is commonly referred to as the “heel.” Its anatomical name is the calcaneus. The calcaneus is the largest bone in the foot and is one of the tarsal bones, which form part of the foot and ankle.
Anatomy of the Heel
The calcaneus is an irregularly shaped bone that projects posteriorly, creating the heel’s prominence. This bone articulates with other bones in the foot and ankle, specifically the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly. The talus sits directly above the calcaneus, and the cuboid is located in front of it.
Beyond the bone, the heel involves several soft tissues. The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to the posterior surface of the calcaneus. Another significant soft tissue is the plantar fascia, a thick band of connective tissue running along the bottom of the foot. This tissue originates from the medial part of the calcaneus and extends forward to the toes, providing support for the foot’s arch.
Functional Role of the Heel
The heel performs several functions. Its primary roles include bearing body weight and absorbing shock during activities like walking, running, and jumping. The calcaneus, along with the fat pad cushioning beneath it, acts as the first point of contact with the ground during heel strike, helping to dissipate impact forces.
The shape of the heel and the surrounding tissues also contribute to its function as a lever for propulsion. When calf muscles contract, they pull on the Achilles tendon, which lifts the heel and allows the foot to push off the ground. Additionally, the heel contributes to maintaining balance and stability by providing a broad, stable base for the body.
Common Conditions Affecting the Heel
Given its role in weight-bearing and movement, the heel is susceptible to various conditions that can cause pain. One common issue is plantar fasciitis, which involves inflammation or degeneration of the plantar fascia where it attaches to the heel bone. This condition often results in sharp pain, particularly with the first steps in the morning or after periods of rest.
Another frequent condition is Achilles tendinitis, characterized by inflammation of the Achilles tendon. This typically arises from overuse or repetitive stress on the tendon, often seen in activities involving running or jumping. Pain and swelling around the back of the ankle are common symptoms of Achilles tendinitis. Both plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis are often linked to factors such as overuse, improper footwear, or biomechanical issues.