THC intoxication refers to the temporary changes in mental and physical state that occur after consuming cannabis or marijuana. The primary psychoactive compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is responsible for these effects.
How THC Affects the Brain and Body
THC, the main psychoactive component in marijuana, quickly enters the bloodstream through the lungs when smoked, traveling to the brain. Ingesting marijuana, such as in edibles, leads to a slower absorption process, with THC being processed through the digestive system and liver before reaching the brain.
Once in the brain, THC primarily interacts with the endocannabinoid system, a complex network of receptors and neurotransmitters that regulate various bodily functions. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors, specifically CB1 receptors, which are abundant in areas of the brain associated with pleasure, memory, thinking, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement. This binding over-activates these receptors, mimicking the action of naturally produced endocannabinoids like anandamide.
This over-activation disrupts normal brain signaling, leading to the characteristic psychoactive effects. For example, THC’s interaction with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex can impair short-term memory and executive functions. Its effects on the cerebellum and basal ganglia contribute to altered motor coordination and balance.
Recognizing the Signs of Intoxication
THC intoxication manifests through a range of observable signs, affecting physical, cognitive, and psychological domains. Common physical signs include red eyes and a dry mouth, often referred to as “cottonmouth.” The heart rate may also increase, and blood pressure can be affected, sometimes leading to postural hypotension, a drop in blood pressure upon standing.
Cognitive effects often involve altered perception, such as distortions of time and space, and impaired short-term memory. Individuals may experience difficulty concentrating or performing complex tasks. Motor coordination can also be affected, leading to unsteadiness or clumsiness.
Psychological symptoms can vary widely, ranging from feelings of relaxation and euphoria to more undesirable reactions. Some individuals may experience anxiety, panic, or paranoia. In rare cases, especially with high doses or in new users, acute psychosis can occur, which may involve depersonalization or paranoid ideas.
Factors Influencing Intoxication Severity
The intensity and specific experience of THC intoxication are influenced by several variables. The dosage of THC consumed plays a direct role, with higher concentrations leading to more pronounced effects. The method of consumption also significantly impacts the onset and peak of intoxication; smoking or vaping leads to rapid effects, while edibles have a delayed but often more intense and prolonged impact.
Individual factors such as tolerance, body weight, and metabolism contribute to how a person responds to THC. Regular users may develop a tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve similar effects. Metabolism rates vary among individuals, affecting how quickly THC is processed and eliminated from the body. The specific potency of the cannabis product is another determinant of intoxication severity.
Managing Acute Intoxication
Managing acute THC intoxication involves practical steps to alleviate discomfort and ensure safety. For individuals experiencing anxiety or paranoia, moving to a quiet, safe, and familiar environment can be helpful. Reassurance and calm communication can also help mitigate feelings of distress. Hydration, by drinking water, may help with dry mouth.
If symptoms are severe or concerning, seeking medical attention becomes appropriate. This includes instances of persistent vomiting, severe anxiety, panic attacks, or significant cardiovascular effects like a very rapid heart rate or chest pain. For children, especially those who have unintentionally ingested high-potency edibles, hospital admission may be necessary due to the potential for more severe symptoms such as lethargy or hyperkinesis.
Duration of Intoxication
The duration of THC intoxication varies considerably depending on the method of consumption and the individual’s metabolism. When marijuana is inhaled through smoking or vaporization, the onset of effects is rapid, occurring within 5 to 30 minutes. These effects peak within 30 minutes to an hour and subside within a couple of hours.
In contrast, ingesting marijuana in edible forms leads to a much slower onset of effects, which can take anywhere from one to four hours to begin. The peak effects from edibles can be more intense and prolonged, lasting for several hours, up to twelve hours or more depending on the dose and individual factors. Although THC metabolites can remain in the body for days or weeks, the perceived intoxicating effects diminish within these timelines.