Superficial mycosis refers to common fungal infections primarily affecting the outermost layers of the body, including skin, hair, and nails. These widespread infections cause discomfort and cosmetic concerns. While generally not life-threatening, understanding them aids in effective management and prevention.
Nature of Superficial Mycosis
The term “superficial” indicates these fungal infections remain on the body’s surface, affecting non-living tissues like the stratum corneum of the skin, hair shafts, and nail plates. They do not invade deeper tissues or the bloodstream. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments.
The primary types of fungi causing superficial mycosis include dermatophytes and yeasts. Dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton species) feed on keratin in skin, hair, and nails. Yeasts like Candida and Malassezia are also common culprits; Malassezia is often found naturally on human skin. Infections are typically acquired through direct contact with infected persons, animals, or contaminated surfaces like towels or public showers.
Common Forms
Tinea infections (dermatophytoses or ringworm) are a prevalent group of superficial mycoses. Tinea corporis (body ringworm) appears as a red, scaly, circular rash with raised edges, often with central clearing, and can occur anywhere on the body. Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) affects the feet, particularly between the toes, causing itching, scaling, and sometimes blisters. Tinea cruris (jock itch) manifests as an itchy, painful rash in the groin and inner thigh areas.
Tinea capitis is scalp ringworm, leading to itchy, red areas and sometimes bald patches, primarily affecting children. Onychomycosis (nail fungus) affects the nails, causing them to become discolored (yellow, brown, or white), thick, and brittle.
Candidiasis, caused by Candida species (most commonly Candida albicans), includes superficial forms like oral thrush, presenting as white patches in the mouth or throat. Candidal intertrigo occurs in skin folds, such as diaper rash, where moisture and warmth allow yeast overgrowth. Pityriasis versicolor, caused by Malassezia yeast, results in discolored skin patches, typically on the chest, back, neck, and upper arms. These patches may be lighter or darker than surrounding skin and can become more noticeable after sun exposure.
Identifying and Confirming Mycosis
Recognizing superficial mycosis often begins with observing skin changes. Symptoms include itching, redness, scaling, and flaking of the affected area. Rashes may appear with distinct borders, or patches of skin might show discoloration. For nail infections, changes like thickening or discoloration can be indicative.
Medical professionals diagnose superficial mycosis through visual examination of the affected area. To confirm, they commonly use laboratory tests like a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation. This test treats skin scrapings with KOH solution, dissolving skin cells but leaving fungal elements visible under a microscope. Fungal cultures may also be performed, where a sample is placed in a special medium to encourage fungal growth, allowing for identification of the specific fungus. While KOH provides quick results, cultures can take several weeks but offer definitive identification.
Managing and Preventing Mycosis
Treatment for superficial mycosis typically begins with over-the-counter antifungal medications. Available as creams, sprays, or powders, they often contain active ingredients like miconazole, clotrimazole, or terbinafine. These topical treatments are usually applied directly to the affected area for several weeks. For more widespread, persistent, or severe infections, a doctor may prescribe stronger topical or oral antifungal medications.
Preventing superficial mycosis involves several practical measures. Maintaining good personal hygiene is important, including regular washing and thoroughly drying skin, especially in skin folds and between toes. Wearing breathable clothing and footwear can help reduce moisture, as fungi thrive in damp environments. Avoiding sharing personal items like towels, clothing, or shoes can also limit the spread of these infections. Wearing sandals in public showers and locker rooms can help prevent exposure to fungi in communal spaces.