Spike lavender, scientifically known as Lavandula latifolia, is a species of the lavender family often mistaken for the more common true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). This plant yields an essential oil distinctively characterized by its powerful, sharp, and camphoraceous aroma. The difference in scent is a direct result of its unique chemical composition, which sets it apart from its floral-scented relatives. Understanding spike lavender requires looking closely at its biology, compounds, and the specific ways these traits influence its use in traditional and modern applications.
Botanical Identity and Characteristics
Lavandula latifolia is native to the western Mediterranean region, thriving in warmer climates and at lower altitudes compared to true lavender (L. angustifolia). This shrub typically develops into a rounded bush, growing to heights between one and three feet. Its preference for heat and lower elevation, often below 2,000 feet, is a key ecological difference from the high-altitude L. angustifolia.
The plant is sometimes called broad-leaved lavender because its leaves are wider and longer than those of its close relatives, a feature reflected in its species name, latifolia. The flowering stems are often branched, producing secondary flower spikes on the sides of the main stem, unlike the single, unbranched spikes typical of true lavender.
Unique Chemical Profile
The essential oil derived from spike lavender possesses a unique chemical fingerprint that dictates its strong, medicinal scent and properties. The primary active constituents are the monoterpenoids Linalool, 1,8-cineole, and Camphor. Linalool is present in a wide range, often between 20% and 50%, contributing a degree of floral sweetness to the otherwise sharp aroma.
The defining components are 1,8-cineole (20% to 35%) and Camphor (8% to over 20% of the total oil volume). The high concentration of these two compounds gives spike lavender its characteristic sharp, penetrating, and invigorating scent, similar to eucalyptus or rosemary. This profile stands in contrast to true lavender, which is prized for its high content of the ester linalyl acetate, responsible for its sweeter, calming, and floral notes.
Traditional and Modern Applications
The chemical composition of spike lavender oil focuses on areas where its invigorating properties are beneficial. Due to its high content of 1,8-cineole, the oil is used for respiratory support, functioning as an expectorant and decongestant to help clear congestion associated with colds, coughs, and bronchitis.
The presence of Camphor contributes to its application as a topical analgesic. When diluted and applied to the skin, it is employed to soothe muscular aches, joint stiffness, and discomfort from conditions such as rheumatism. Historically, spike lavender oil was also valued as a solvent in oil painting before the widespread use of turpentine.
In modern contexts, its strong scent and antimicrobial properties make it a popular addition to commercial cleaning products, soaps, and detergents. The oil also functions as an insect repellent. Spike lavender is used for physical and mental invigoration and concentration, not for relaxation or sleep promotion.
Safe Usage and Practical Considerations
Given its potent chemical makeup, spike lavender essential oil requires careful handling and greater dilution than the milder true lavender oil. It should always be diluted in a carrier oil before topical application to prevent skin irritation. Maximum dermal use levels are significantly lower than for many other essential oils.
The oil is contraindicated for certain populations due to the potential for neurotoxicity from its convulsant terpenes. It should not be used on young children, particularly on the face, or on individuals with a history of epilepsy or seizure disorders. Avoid its use during pregnancy and while nursing due to a lack of safety data and its stimulating nature. Aromatic diffusion is a suitable application method, but it should be used in well-ventilated spaces and for limited durations.