Serositis is the inflammation of serous membranes, thin, protective layers lining internal body cavities and covering organs. These membranes secrete lubricating serous fluid, which reduces friction as organs move. When inflamed, this smooth movement can cause discomfort and other symptoms.
Where Serositis Occurs
Serous membranes are found in key body areas. The pleura surrounds the lungs, enabling smooth expansion and contraction during breathing. Inflammation here is called pleuritis or pleurisy.
The pericardium encases the heart, ensuring it beats continuously without rubbing. Its inflammation is known as pericarditis.
In the abdomen, the peritoneum lines the cavity and covers organs like the stomach and intestines. This membrane facilitates digestive organ movement. Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum, which can be serious.
Why Serositis Happens
Serositis can arise from various underlying causes. Infections are a common factor; viruses, bacteria, or fungi can directly invade these tissues. For instance, viral infections causing chest colds or pneumonia can lead to pericarditis.
Autoimmune diseases also frequently lead to serositis, as the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues. Conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis are known to cause inflammation in serous membranes. In SLE, serositis is a recognized symptom, sometimes affecting multiple serous membranes simultaneously.
Certain medications can induce serositis as a side effect. Malignancies, such as lymphomas and metastatic cancers, can inflame serous membranes. Other causes include metabolic conditions like uremia, trauma, and post-cardiac injury syndromes.
Identifying Serositis
Recognizing serositis often begins with its characteristic symptoms. Symptoms often include sharp, localized pain, worsening with movement or breathing. For example, pleuritic pain intensifies with coughing or deep breaths, while pericardial pain may feel better when sitting up and leaning forward.
Fluid accumulation, known as effusion, is another common sign, as the inflamed membrane produces excess fluid. This fluid can press on organs, affecting their function, such as restricting lung or heart function.
Diagnosis involves a physical examination, where a healthcare provider might listen for sounds like a pericardial rub. Imaging tests (X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds) visualize effusions and assess inflammation. Laboratory tests, including blood tests and fluid analysis, help determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Managing Serositis
Treatment for serositis focuses on addressing the root cause. If an infection is identified, antibiotics or antiviral medications are prescribed to eliminate the pathogen. For autoimmune conditions, immunosuppressant medications, such as corticosteroids, reduce the immune system’s overactivity.
Symptomatic relief aims to alleviate pain and inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used for this purpose. In cases of significant fluid accumulation, procedures like thoracentesis (for pleural fluid) or pericardiocentesis (for pericardial fluid) may drain excess fluid to relieve pressure on organs and improve symptoms.