Sebaceous hyperplasia is a common skin condition involving the enlargement of oil-producing glands in the skin. This article explores its characteristics, why it develops, and its various management approaches.
What is Sebaceous Hyperplasia?
Sebaceous hyperplasia is the benign enlargement of sebaceous glands, which are the small glands in the skin responsible for producing sebum, a natural oil that lubricates and protects the skin. These enlarged glands form small, soft bumps that are typically flesh-colored, yellowish, or sometimes white. The lesions often present with a characteristic central indentation or dimple, which corresponds to the dilated opening of the hair follicle.
While sebaceous hyperplasia can appear anywhere on the body where sebaceous glands are present, they are most frequently observed on areas rich in oil glands. Common locations include the face, particularly the forehead, nose, and cheeks. They can also be found on the chest, back, or arms. These growths are harmless and non-cancerous.
Why Does Sebaceous Hyperplasia Occur?
Sebaceous hyperplasia develops due to an overgrowth of sebocytes, the specialized cells that make up the sebaceous glands. This proliferation leads to the enlargement of the glands, which can trap sebum and result in the characteristic bumps. The primary contributing factor to the development of sebaceous hyperplasia is the natural aging process.
As individuals age, particularly after middle age, hormonal changes play a significant role. Specifically, a decrease in androgen levels, which are male sex hormones present in all individuals, can lead to a slower turnover of sebocytes. This reduced cell turnover causes primitive sebocytes to accumulate within the gland, leading to its enlargement.
Genetic predisposition also contributes, as individuals with a family history of the condition may be more likely to develop it. Additionally, chronic sun exposure is considered a cofactor, and certain medications, such as the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, have been linked to an increased prevalence of sebaceous hyperplasia.
How Sebaceous Hyperplasia is Managed
A dermatologist typically diagnoses sebaceous hyperplasia through a visual examination of the skin, using a dermatoscope for a magnified view. While the appearance is usually distinct, a biopsy may be performed to differentiate it from other skin conditions, such as basal cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer that can sometimes resemble sebaceous hyperplasia. This step ensures an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management plan.
Treatment for sebaceous hyperplasia is generally not medically necessary because the lesions are benign. However, individuals often seek removal for cosmetic reasons or if the lesions become irritated. Several methods are available for managing these growths:
Electrocautery, which uses a high-frequency electrical current to destroy the bumps, is a common procedure.
Laser therapy, particularly CO2 lasers, can effectively target and reduce the enlarged glands by delivering wavelengths of light to destroy them.
Cryotherapy involves freezing the lesions with liquid nitrogen, causing them to dry and fall off.
Photodynamic therapy uses a light-absorbing chemical applied to the skin, followed by light exposure to reduce the size and number of the glands.
Topical treatments, such as prescription retinoids or salicylic acid, may help reduce the appearance by promoting skin exfoliation and reducing sebum buildup.
While these treatments can effectively remove or reduce the bumps, new lesions may appear elsewhere, or treated lesions may recur, as the underlying predisposition remains.