Sarsaparilla is the root of a woody, perennial vine belonging to the Smilax genus. This tropical plant is native to the rainforests of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Historically, the root has been a staple in traditional botanical medicine for centuries, used by Indigenous peoples for various ailments.
The plant’s name comes from the Spanish “zarzaparilla,” meaning “brambly vine,” referencing its thorny stems. Sarsaparilla is often confused with the flavor of the American beverage, which was once made with the root but now typically uses artificial flavorings. The modern interest in sarsaparilla focuses on the beneficial phytochemicals concentrated within its root.
Key Bioactive Compounds
The biological effects of sarsaparilla are attributed to the plant chemicals found in its root. The most studied group are steroidal saponins, which are natural glycosides that create a foam when mixed with water. Specific examples include sarsaponin, sarsaparilloside, and parillin, which act as the primary active ingredients.
These saponins contribute to the plant’s anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The root also contains flavonoids and phytosterols. Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant activity, helping protect cells from damage. Phytosterols are plant-derived sterols that may offer support for heart health.
Specific Health Applications
Sarsaparilla has a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly for managing inflammatory and skin conditions. Its anti-inflammatory properties led to its historical use in treating joint discomfort and rheumatism. Researchers hypothesize that the saponins in the root may help reduce inflammation through mechanisms similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
In skin health, sarsaparilla has been traditionally used for conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and dermatitis. Initial research suggests that the flavonoid astilbin may help manage psoriasis by preventing the overgrowth of skin cells. Additionally, the compound sarsaponin may bind to toxins in the body, which some researchers believe plays a role in the development of skin lesions.
Historically, sarsaparilla was valued as an “alterative” or “blood purifier,” aligning with modern notions of detoxification. This traditional use is supported by its documented diuretic and diaphoretic (sweat-inducing) actions. By promoting urination and sweating, the plant may help the body eliminate excess fluid and metabolic waste products.
The root’s concentration of plant compounds also contributes to its antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease. Preliminary cell and animal studies indicate that sarsaparilla extracts may help protect the liver from toxins and slow the growth of certain cancer cells, though human trials are needed.
Forms of Consumption and Preparation
Sarsaparilla root is processed and consumed in several forms. The most traditional method uses the dried, cut root to prepare a tea or decoction. This involves simmering the root in water to extract the active compounds, resulting in a brew valued for its aromatic and slightly bitter taste.
For a concentrated dose, sarsaparilla is available as liquid extracts or tinctures, which use alcohol or glycerin to pull out the bioactive components. These forms allow for smaller, more potent serving sizes and are often mixed into water or juice. Encapsulated powdered root is also common, providing a convenient way to consume the herb as a dietary supplement.
The root extract is also employed as a natural flavoring agent. Sarsaparilla was once a primary flavoring in traditional root beer, which is the source of confusion with the American soft drink. Modern commercial root beer rarely contains true sarsaparilla, relying instead on artificial flavorings.
Safety, Side Effects, and Drug Interactions
Sarsaparilla is considered safe for most people when consumed in typical medicinal amounts. The most common side effect is mild gastrointestinal irritation, associated with taking large amounts of the root’s saponins. Exposure to the fine dust of the dried root in occupational settings has been linked to symptoms of asthma and runny nose.
Certain individuals should exercise caution or avoid sarsaparilla entirely. Pregnant and breastfeeding individuals are advised to avoid its use due to a lack of safety research. People with pre-existing kidney conditions should also avoid sarsaparilla, as its diuretic effect could potentially worsen kidney disease.
Sarsaparilla’s compounds may interact with certain prescription medications, primarily due to the action of the saponins. The herb may increase the absorption of other drugs taken simultaneously, potentially amplifying their effects. Specifically, sarsaparilla may increase the amount of digoxin absorbed. Furthermore, its diuretic properties may decrease the body’s ability to eliminate lithium, potentially leading to dangerously high levels.