Propolis extract is a natural substance derived from honeybees, widely recognized for its diverse properties. This resinous compound, often called “bee glue,” has been utilized for centuries in traditional practices around the world. Ancient Egyptians, for example, reportedly used it for mummification and to alleviate ailments, while the Greeks applied it to treat abscesses. Its long history underscores a persistent human interest in its potential benefits, leading to its modern-day applications in health and wellness.
Understanding Propolis
Propolis is a sticky, resinous mixture collected by honeybees from various botanical sources, including tree buds, sap flows, and other plant exudates. Bees gather these resins and combine them with their own salivary secretions and beeswax. The color of raw propolis can vary, but it is most commonly dark brown.
Within the beehive, propolis serves several protective functions. Bees use it as a sealant to fill unwanted open spaces, seal cracks, and smooth internal walls, reinforcing the structural stability of the hive. It also acts as an antiseptic barrier, guarding the colony against microbial infections from bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and preventing the decomposition of intruders that cannot be removed. The composition of raw propolis includes about 50% plant resins and vegetable balsams, 30% waxes, 10% essential and aromatic oils, and 5% pollen, along with various organic compounds. Among these, polyphenols, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, are notable components.
The Extraction Process
Converting propolis into an extract is necessary to make its beneficial compounds accessible and to remove impurities like wax. The most common method for creating propolis extract involves alcohol extraction, using ethanol mixed with water. This process, often called maceration, involves soaking the propolis in an aqueous ethanol solution, usually at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 (propolis to solvent by weight/volume), for 7 to 30 days at room temperature.
While alcohol extraction is prevalent due to its effectiveness, other methods exist. Water or oil extraction can also be employed, sometimes with the addition of substances like polyethylene glycol or by heating to 70°C to enhance the solubility of less soluble compounds. These extraction techniques aim to isolate the valuable compounds from the raw material, resulting in a liquid extract.
Common Applications of Propolis Extract
Propolis extract is used in various ways for human health and wellness due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Topically, it is applied for skin health, including wound healing and addressing minor burns. Research suggests propolis may accelerate wound closure, reduce inflammation, and prevent infections, potentially by stimulating collagen production in the skin.
For oral health, propolis extract is incorporated into mouth rinses and other products. Its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects are explored for combating oral bacteria, reducing gingivitis, and helping to heal sores inside the mouth, such as those caused by cancer treatments. Additionally, propolis extract is used to manage cold sores, with topical application speeding up healing and reducing pain.
Beyond topical and oral uses, propolis extract is also taken as an oral supplement for immune support. The broad spectrum of identified compounds, like phenolic acids and flavonoids, contribute to its diverse beneficial activities.
Safety Considerations and Usage Tips
While propolis extract is generally considered safe, certain precautions are advisable. Allergic reactions, including skin or respiratory symptoms, can occur, particularly in individuals with known allergies to bees, bee products, pollen, or conifers. Lozenges containing propolis have also been reported to cause irritation and mouth ulcers in some users.
It is recommended to avoid propolis extract during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to insufficient reliable information regarding its safety. For individuals with bleeding disorders, caution is advised as certain chemicals in propolis might slow blood clotting, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. It is also suggested to discontinue propolis use at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery.
When selecting propolis extract, look for products from reputable sources and consider those that are standardized, which indicates consistency in their active compound content. Starting with a small dose to assess individual tolerance is a prudent approach, and always follow the product’s specific instructions for usage and dosage. Consulting a healthcare provider before incorporating propolis extract, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking medications, is recommended to ensure safe and appropriate use.