The national flower of Peru is the Cantuta, also known as the “Flor del Inca” or “Flower of the Inca.” This bloom is a powerful symbol of Peruvian identity and tradition, interwoven with the legends of the Andean people and the legacy of the Inca Empire. The Cantuta’s status as a national emblem reflects its long-standing connection to the country’s rugged mountain landscapes and enduring cultural heritage.
Identifying the Cantuta Flower
The Cantuta is scientifically classified as Cantua buxifolia, an evergreen shrub belonging to the Phlox family (Polemoniaceae). This plant can grow quite large, sometimes reaching heights of up to 13 feet and spreading around eight feet. Its specific epithet, buxifolia, translates to “box-leaved,” referencing its small, narrowly-oval leaves that resemble those of the boxwood plant.
The most distinguishing feature is its showy, tubular flowers, which can measure up to three inches in length. These blossoms hang in profusion from the arching branches, shaped like a trumpet with a flared tip. While the most common color is brilliant red or pink, varieties can also be found in yellow, white, or orange. The Cantuta is a food source for hummingbirds, which are its primary pollinators in its native habitat.
History and Symbolism of the Flor del Inca
The Cantuta earned the name “Flor del Inca” due to its association with the ancient Inca civilization. The Incas considered the flower sacred, using it extensively in their religious and political ceremonies. It was cultivated around sacred sites, including the gardens of the Qurikancha temple, and adorned the paths of those participating in rituals.
The flower’s symbolism often centers on the concept of unity and permanence, stemming from a popular Inca legend. This tale speaks of two powerful kings, Illimani and Illampu, who were rivals and whose sons eventually killed each other in battle. The earth goddess, Pachamama, intervened and caused the Cantuta flower to grow from their remains, with colors representing the sons and the hope for lasting peace. This reverence led to the flower being adopted as a national symbol of Peru, representing patriotism and the enduring spirit of the Peruvian people.
Geographic Distribution and Growing Conditions
The Cantuta is native to the high valleys of the Andes mountains, where it thrives in the South American highlands. It is found at high elevations, often growing naturally on open slopes between 4,000 and 12,500 feet above sea level. The plant is well-adapted to the cool, temperate climate of the Andes.
This evergreen shrub requires well-drained soil and prefers full sunlight to partial shade. Although it is a hardy mountain plant, the Cantuta is sensitive to extreme cold and requires temperatures not falling below 23 degrees Fahrenheit to survive. Its presence across the high-altitude regions of Peru and neighboring Bolivia makes it a floral representative of the Andean landscape.