Palmitoleic acid is a type of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), specifically an omega-7 fatty acid. This fatty acid is naturally present across various biological systems, occurring in the human body as well as in diverse dietary sources. It is found in all tissues, although its concentrations can be higher in certain organs like the liver.
Where Palmitoleic Acid is Found
Palmitoleic acid is obtained from dietary sources and the body’s own production. Among plant-based sources, macadamia nut oil and sea buckthorn oil are particularly rich, containing 17% and 19-29% of palmitoleic acid. Marine oils, such as sardine oil, also provide notable amounts of this fatty acid. Palmitoleic acid is found in trace amounts in various animal fats, certain vegetable oils, and human breast milk.
The human body also produces palmitoleic acid endogenously, primarily in the liver and adipose tissue. This synthesis converts palmitic acid into palmitoleic acid, facilitated by the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1). The body’s production of palmitoleic acid is influenced by factors such as diet, hormonal balance, and overall metabolic state.
Biological Functions of Palmitoleic Acid
Palmitoleic acid serves various physiological roles beyond simple energy storage. It is a component of cell membranes, contributing to their fluidity and structural integrity. This fatty acid is also involved in lipid metabolism, regulating fat synthesis and oxidation.
Identified as a “lipokine,” palmitoleic acid is a lipid that functions as a signaling molecule. It is released from fat cells and travels through the bloodstream to communicate with distant organs, including the liver and skeletal muscles. This inter-organ communication helps coordinate systemic metabolic responses. For example, it can influence glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and affect gene expression related to lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation.
Impact on Human Health
The signaling properties of palmitoleic acid have implications for metabolic health. Studies suggest it can improve insulin sensitivity in the liver and skeletal muscles, benefiting glucose metabolism. This effect involves enhancing glucose uptake and influencing insulin signaling pathways. Higher circulating levels of palmitoleic acid have been associated with increased insulin sensitivity in some human studies.
Palmitoleic acid also demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects. It can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce the activation of certain immune cells. This action may contribute to its potential benefits in metabolic disorders. It has also been linked to improvements in lipid profiles, with research indicating a potential to lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides, while increasing HDL (“good”) cholesterol.
Despite these potential benefits, the role of palmitoleic acid in human health is still being researched, with some findings showing mixed associations, particularly concerning obesity and cardiovascular health. While some studies connect higher palmitoleic acid levels with improved metabolic markers, others indicate an association with increased body mass index and higher triglycerides. The long-term safety and effectiveness of palmitoleic acid supplementation require further extensive study.